用单片机制作交流电桥平衡指示器

1 引言交流电桥是电磁学实验仪器,它主要用来测量电容器的电容量和线圈的电感量,是电感、电容测最中精确度较高的测量方法,而且,为了提高电桥测量精度,人们进行了一些有关电桥平衡指示器的探讨性实验。     

基于零磁通电流传感的自动电阻电桥设计

因商用直流电流比较仪(DCC)精度高、结构复杂、成本高昂,基于商用零磁通电流传感器基础上研制了一套直流比较仪自动电阻电桥,以降低成本、满足电阻测量精度要求较低应用场合的需求。围绕零磁通电流传感器的原、副边线圈安匝平衡机制下,其原、副边电流比例一定的特点,设计了自动电阻电桥电路。采用基于DSP的嵌入式数字电路实现系统控制和算法,使用自制且经过校准的24位AD采集电路读取电桥中电阻两端的压差信号,经实时处理及屏幕显示,最终得到被测电阻(Rx)和标准电阻值(Rs)的比例值。采用经校准过的标准电阻(Rs)对该电阻电桥100Ω：10Ω和10Ω：1Ω的比例进行校准,实验结果表明：该电阻电桥测量的比例准确度可达10-6 量级,测量的相对标准差为10-6 ~10-7 量级。     

简易水平测倾仪的设计

根据惠斯通非平衡电桥原理设计了简易水平测倾仪,该仪器通过桥路电压来表征倾角的变化,其测量精度可达10-4.     

测量电感的一种简便线路和实验方法

前言通常测量线圈的电感量多用交流电桥方法.据了解有些大、专学校及中学里,因实验教学仪器短缺,未能开出该题目.我认为也可用三表法(电流表、电压表和功率表)、谐振法及电压电流等方法来测量.我来介绍后一种方法,电路如图1(a)、(b)所示.这种方法虽较简便,若使用不当,其电感测量的误差也会增大.本文就用这种方法测电感量与如何减小误差这个问题提出一些看法,仅供读者参考.原理和方法     

热敏电阻特性及温度控制实验仪的设计

设计了一种通过连接单臂电桥及控制电路,测量热敏电阻温度特性和演示温度控制器控制过程的实验仪器。仪器利用卤钨灯作加热源,可通过灯泡的亮灭周期性变化直观地观察电桥的动态平衡状态和温度控制电路的控制过程。实验结果表明仪器具有较高的测量精度和温度控制精度。     

利用李萨如图形测量交流阻抗特性

通常用交流电桥法测量电容、电感等交流阻抗的数值,由于待测的交流阻抗不一定是“纯”的电容或电感,其中总存在一定的等效电阻,所以,用交流电桥法测量的结果误差较大。本文所介绍的李萨如图形方法,直接测量通过阻抗的电流和两端电压间的相位差,通过调节电路中的电阻,使这一相位差与标     

金属丝杨氏模量的RLC串联交流谐振测法研究

利用RLC串联谐振电路可以高精度测量电感的原理,将其用于测量金属丝的杨氏模量。将磁棒固定在待测金属丝上,其一部分放在螺线管内部,并用自制的密绕长螺线管代替RLC串联谐振电路中的电感。外力作用下金属丝的伸长会引起螺线管内磁棒的长度的变化,从而引起螺线管电感的改变。因此可以通过测量螺线管的电感的变化实现金属丝细小伸长量的测量。该方法简单易行,测量精确度高,具有一定的实用价值和良好的应用前景。     

一种改进式TAC的高精度时间间隔测量系统的实现

设计了一种基于改进式时间-幅度转换器(Time-Amplitude Converter, TAC)的高精度时间间隔测量系统。该系统采用集成运放设计TAC中的电流可控的恒流源,并对TAC内部的积分控制部分加入宽带直流放大电路,来提高时间间隔测量的精确度;采用高精度的模数转换器采样TAC的输出,实现高精度时间间隔测量中的模拟到数字的转换;采用现场可编程逻辑门阵列(Field Programmable Gate Array, FPGA)完成系统软件设计,实现对TAC的控制。通过变换TAC的采样电阻的阻值,使恒流源输出不同的电流对电容进行充电,从而使TAC的输出电压满足高精度模数转换器(Analog-Digital Converter,ADC)采集电压的要求。实验表明,在测量时间范围为1us,800ns,400ns,200ns时,该系统的时间间隔测量的最小时间精度为400皮秒。     

基于CPLD高精度恒流源技术的呼吸体积描记系统的设计

利用呼吸感应体积描记(RIP)技术测量呼吸参数已得到了越来越广泛的认可,针对人体呼吸运动引起传感线圈的电感量变化非常小(小于几百nH),一般系统难以保证精确性和适用性问题;硬件设计采用了高精度恒流源,锁相放大和自动增益控制放大电路,并详细分析了各部分电路的特性,包括在平静呼吸和用力呼吸模式下分别对14位测试者测量潮气量和呼吸频率,并且与德国耶格公司的肺功能仪所测量的结果对比;实验证明RIP系统在这两种模式下测量潮气量和呼吸频率等呼吸参数与速度描记仪存在显著的正相关关系,说明该系统工作良好、测量精确,操作简单、便于携带和低功耗,未来可以在临床上推广应用于长时间动态的呼吸监测。     

JO413型携式直流单双臂电桥介绍

JO413型携式直流单双臂电桥,专为中学物理实验室对各种导体电阻进行测量而设计的。它具有直读数据,使用方便(不需配备其他附件,既可按单桥电路测量中等阻值的电阻,又能按双桥电路测量低阻值的电阻)工作稳定,体积小等优点。其外型如封4中所示。下面对该仪器做一简要介绍。一,工作原理及结构单电桥测量电阻的原理见图1。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.