基于mCP与UGH2为母体的双发光层高效率蓝色磷光OLED

以9,9'-(1,3-苯基)二-9H-咔唑(m CP)和1,4-二(三苯甲硅烷基)苯(UGH2)为母体,将常用的蓝光染料二(3,5-二氟-2-(2-吡啶)苯基-(2-吡啶甲酸根))合铱(Ⅲ)(FIrpic)掺入这两种母体材料中,制得具有双发光层结构的蓝色磷光有机电致发光器件,并对整个物理机制进行了阐述。该器件较基于m CP或UGH2为母体的单发光层器件有着更高的器件效率。器件的最大电流效率、功率效率、外量子效率分别为21.13 cd/A、14.97 lm/W、10.56%。器件亮度从100 cd/m2到3 000 cd/m2时,效率滚降为34.2%。     

中间层对白色全磷光有机电致发光器件性能的影响

制备了基于蓝色磷光材料bis[3,5-difluoro-2-（2-pridyl）phenyl-（2-earboxypyribyl）iridumⅢ]（FIrpic）、红色磷光材料bis（2-methyldibenzo [f,h]quinoxaline）（acetylacetonate）iridium（Ⅲ）（Ir（MDQ）₂acac）的双波段白光有机电致发光器件。蓝色磷光材料FIrpic被掺杂在一种宽带隙的主体材料1,3-bis（triphenylsilyl）benzene（UGH3）之中,红色磷光材料Ir（MDQ）₂acac被掺杂在主体材料4,4',4"-tris（carbazol-9-yl）triphenylamine（TCTA）之中,并在两发光层之间加入一种宽带隙的空穴传输材料1,3-bis（carbazol-9-yl）benzene（mCP）作为中间层。制备的器件结构为ITO/NPB（40 nm）/TCTA：Ir（MDQ）₂acac 7%（10 nm）/mCP（x nm）/UGH3：Firpic 8%（30 nm）/BPhen（30 nm）/LIF（0.8 nm）/AL（200 nm）。实验结果表明,中间层的加入促进了发光层中电子和空穴的平衡并抑制了发光层之间的能量转移。加入适当厚度的中间层之后,器件的性能得到了明显的提升,相比于无中间层器件,最高电流效率由3.4 cd/A提高到13.2 cd/A。     

Efficient Solution-Processed Blue Electrophosphorescent Devices Based on a Novel Small-Molecule Host

Efficient blue small molecular phosphorescent fight-emitting diodes with a blue phosphorescent dye bis（3,5- difluoro-2-（2-pyridyl）-phenyl-（2-carboxypride） iridium （Ⅲ） （Flrpic） doped into a novel small-molecule host 9,9- bis[4-（3,6-di-tert-butylcarbazol-9-yl）phenyl] fluorene （TBCPF） as the light-emitting layer have been fabricated by spin-coating. The host TBCPF can form homogeneous amorphous films by spin-coating and has triplet energy higher than that of the blue phosphorescent dye Flrpic. All the devices with different Flrpic concentration in the emitting layer give emission from Flrpic indicating complete energy transfer from TBCPF to Flrpic. The device shows the best performance with a peak brightness of 8050 cd/m^2 at 10.2 V and the maximum current efficiency up to 3.52 cd/A, when the Flrpic doped concentration is as high as 16%.     

Efficient white polymer light-emitting diodes based on a phosphorescent iridium complex and a fluorescent silole and carbazole copolymer

White polymer light-emitting diodes (WPLEDs) were fabricated with blue phosphorescent iridium bis(2-(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C²′) picolinate (FIrpic) and red fluorescent silole and carbazole copolymer PCz-MPTST within a poly(N-vinylcarbazole) (PVK): 1,3-bis[(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1,3,4- oxadiazolyl] phenylene (OXD-7) host matrix. Efficient white emission consisting two emission peaks was achieved with luminous efficiency of 9.2 cd/A and CIE coordinates of (0.37, 0.40). By means of transient photoluminescence response, energy transfer among the blending components was investigated and discussed.     

GaN ultraviolet Schottky barrier photodetectors with ZrO2 or SiO2 insulators

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high luminance efficiency were successfully fabricated using the LiF/N,N′-bis(1-naphyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (NPB) carrier balance structures. It was found that the insertion of the LiF/NPB carrier balance structures can balance the charge injection and transport, which is helpful in enhancing the performance of OLEDs. It was also found that we can achieve the best performance from the OLED with three pairs of LiF/NPB (0.3 nm/15 nm) structures. The luminance and transport efficiency were both enhanced with the increase in the numbers of pairs of LiF/NPB carrier balance structures. We can attribute the improvement to the better carrier balance at the device interface.     

间隔层对双发光层白色有机电致发光器件性能的影响

采用蓝色bis (FIrpic)和黄色bis iridium(acetylacetonate) 两种磷光染料,制备了双发光层结构的白色有机电致发光器件,器件结构为ITO/TAPC (30 nm)/host: (t-bt)₂Ir(acac) /spacer (x nm)/host: FIrpic (15 nm, 8%)/Bphen (40 nm)/Mg∶Ag (200 nm)。分别选用p型1,1-bis cyclohexane (TAPC)和n型tris borane (3TPYMB)作为主体材料制备了两种类型的器件,通过在两个发光层之间加入一层较薄的间隔层进行器件优化。结果表明,加入间隔层之后,器件性能得到提高,获得了色稳定性较好的白光器件。当主体为TAPC时,使用间隔层后器件取得最大亮度为19 550 cd/m²,最大电流效率为8.3 cd/A;当主体为3TPYMB时,使用间隔层后器件的最大亮度为1 950 cd/m²,最大电流效率为30.7 cd/A。实验结果表明,器件性能的提高,是由于加入了间隔层之后载流子复合区域拓宽,促进了发光层中电子和空穴的平衡。     

High-efficiency blue and white phosphorescent organic light-emitting devices

We have significantly improved the efficiency of blue and white phosphorescence from organic light-emitting devices (OLEDs) based on phosphorescent iridium complexes. To improve the emission efficiency, 4,4^′-Bis(9-carbazolyl)-2,2^′-Dimethyl-biphenyl (CDBP), which has a high triplet energy, was used as the carrier-transporting host for the emissive layer. The blue phosphorescent OLED exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 10.4%, which corresponds to a current efficiency of 20.4 cd/A. This result can be explained as due to the efficient confinement of triplet energy on blue phosphorescent molecules, which is consistent with the results of transient photoluminescence experiments. The white phosphorescent OLED with greenish-blue and red emissive layers exhibited a maximum external quantum efficiency of 12% and a luminous efficiency of 18 cd/A. This is primarily attributed to the improvement of greenish-blue emission efficiency as well as the emission efficiency of the blue phosphorescent OLED.     

Effect of desiccant on the performance of green organic light-emitting device

A green organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) with a multilayer structure of indium-tin oxide (ITO)/copper-phthalocyanine (CuPc) (200Å)/N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-N,N′-diphenyl-1,1′-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (α-NPD) (600Å)/N′- diphenyl-N,N′-tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminium (Alq₃) (400Å):10-(2-benzothiazolyl)-1,1,7,7-tetramethyl-2,3,6,7- tetrahydro-1H,5H,11H-(l)benzopyropyrano(6,7,8-i, j)quinolizin-11-one (C545T) (2%)/Alq₃ (200Å)/LiF (10Å)/Al (1000Å) was prepared via vacuum thermal evaporation. To reduce the impact of water vapor and oxygen on the device, we encapsulated it with a kind of specific and efficient desiccant, called DESIPASTE, under the protection of high-purity nitrogen. By analyzing a series of optical characteristics of OLEDs, the results showed that this desiccant can improve the brightness about 500 and 250 cd/m² at same driving voltage and current density, respectively. The electroluminescent (EL) spectra were hardly affected except a very weak blue shift of broadband emission peak. It turns out that encapsulation with DESIPASTE is a simple and efficient way to improve the performance of OLED.     

High-efficiency organic light-emitting diodes based on ultrathin blue phosphorescent modification layer

Yellow organic light-emitting devices(YOLEDs) with a novel structure of ITO/MoO_3(5 nm)/NPB(40 nm)/TCTA(15 nm)/CBP:(tbt)_2Ir(acac)(x%)(25 nm)/FIrpic(y nm)/TPBi(35 nm)/Mg:Ag are fabricated. The ultrathin blue phosphorescent bis[(4,6-difluorophenyl)-pyridi-nato-N,C2■](picolinate) iridium(Ⅲ)(FIrpic) layer is regarded as a highperformance modification layer. By adjusting the thickness of FIrpic and the concentration of (tbt)_2Ir(acac), a YOLED achieves a high luminance of 41618 cd/m~2, power efficiency of 49.7 lm/W, current efficiency of 67.3 cd/A, external quantum efficiency(EQE) of 18%, and a low efficiency roll-off at high luminance. The results show that phosphorescent material of FIrpic plays a significant role in improving YOLED performance. The ultrathin FIrpic modification layer blocks excitons in EML. In the meantime, the high triplet energy of FIrpic(2.75 eV) alleviates the exciton energy transport from EML to FIrpic.     

Affect of the electrical characteristics depending on the hole and electron injection materials of red organic light-emitting diodes

This study examined the electrical and optical properties of red OLEDs (organic light-emitting diodes) with a four-layer structure, ITO/amorphous fluoropolymer (AF)/N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1,1-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine (TPD)/R-H:R-D/lithium fluoride (LiF)/Al, containing a hole injection material, AF (amorphous fluoropolymer) and an electron injection layer material, LiF. Compared to the basic structure (two-layer structure), the brightness and luminous efficiency of the four-layer structure, ITO/TPD/R-H:R-D/Al, increased approximately 100 times (30,000 lm/m²) and 150 times (51 lm/W), respectively, with an applied voltage. The excellent efficiency of the external proton was also increased 150 times (0.51%). That is, the hole and electron injection layers improved the surface roughness of ITO and Al, and the interfacial physical properties. In addition, these layers allowed the smooth injection of holes and electrons. The luminance, luminous efficiency and external quantum efficiency were attributed to an increase in the recombination rates.     

Blue organic light-emitting diodes with 2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene as hole transport and emitting layer and the impedance spectroscopy analysis

2-methyl-9,10-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene (MADN) based fluorescent blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are demonstrated. With MADN as emitting layer, experiments indicate that thick MADN (40–60 nm) is preferable for constructing efficient blue OLED. With MADN as hole-transport and emitting layer and tris(8-hydroxy-quinolinato)aluminium (Alq₃) as electron-transport layer, the OLED electroluminescent characteristics show a mixture emission of MADN and Alq₃ with Commission Internationale d'Eclairage (CIE) color coordinates of (0.25, 0.34), indicating feasible hole transporting in MADN. Using 4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (BPhen) replacing Alq₃ as electron-transport layer, the OLED shows deep blue emission with a maximum luminous efficiency of 4.8 cd/A and CIE color coordinates of (0.16, 0.09). The hole transport characteristics of MADN are further clarified by constructing hole-only device and performing impedance spectroscopy analysis. The results indicate that MADN shows superior hole-transport ability which is almost comparable to typical hole-transport material of N,N′-bis(naphthalen-1-yl)-N,N′-bis(phenyl)-benzidine (NPB), suggesting a promising application for constructing efficient blue OLED with integrated hole-transport layer and emitting layer.     

发光层和空穴传输层对白色电致发光器件性能的影响

利用电子传输性能良好的苯并噻唑螯合锌(Zn(BTZ)₂)作为蓝光层，通过设计不同类型的空穴传输层并试验不同厚度的发光层后，制作了一种最佳厚度的双发光层白色电致发光器件：氧化铟锡(ITO)/N-N′-双(3-甲基苯基)-N-N′-二苯基-1-1′-二苯基-4-4′-二胺(TPD)∶N,N′-二(1-萘基)-N,N′-二苯基-1,1′-联苯-4-4′-二胺(NPB)(1∶0.0 关键词： 厚度 空穴传输层 白光 载流子     

Efficient blue phosphorescent organic light emitting diodes with host engineering

We demonstrate as much as possible blue color and high efficiency phosphorescent organic light-emitting diodes (PHOLEDs) by using well-known iridium(III)bis[(3,5-difluoro-4-cyanophenyl)-pyridinato-N,C′]picolinate (FCNIrpic) dopant and previously reported good host materials. For the control of blue color and efficiency, various host materials, 1,3-bis(carbazole-9-yl)benzene (mCP), 9-(3-(9H-carbazole-9-yl)phenyl)-3-(dibromophenylphosphoryl)-9H-carbazole (mCPPO1), and 2,8-di(9H-carbazol-9-yl)dibenzo[b,d]furan (DFCz), bis(4-(N-carbazole)phenyl)dimethylsilane (2MCBP) are selected and investigated their performances. A maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 23.9% and power efficiency of 30.2 lm/W are achieved from 2MCBP device with Commision Internationale de L'Eclairage color coordinates (CIE_x,y) of (0.14, 0.21). The deepest color with color coordinate of (0.14, 0.19) is obtained for the mCP device.     

The characterization of electroplex generated from the interface between 2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole] zinc and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′- bis(1-naphthyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine

The electroplex between (2-(4-trifluoromethyl-2-hydroxyphenyl)benzothiazole) zinc [Zn(4-TfmBTZ)₂] as an electron-acceptor and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis(1-naphthyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine (NPB) as an electron-donor was characterized by bilayer, blend, and multilayer quantum-well (MQW) device, respectively. The blend composition and quantum-well number are effective parameters for tuning electroluminescence color. White light with high color purity and color rendering index (CRI) was observed from these devices based on Zn(4-TfmBTZ)₂/NPB. Moreover, the blend and MQW devices all exhibit high operation stability, hence excellent color stability. For the device with 5 mol% NPB in blend layer, its Commission International Del’Eclairage (CIE) coordinate region is x=0.28–0.31, y=0.33–0.35 and CRI is 83.3–91.2 at 5–9 V. For MQW structure device with NPB of 60 nm thickness, its CIE coordinate region is x=0.29–0.32, y=0.31–0.34 and CRI=87.9–92.5 at 10–15 V. Such high color stability and purity and CRI, being close to ideal white light, are of current important for white OLED.     

功能层厚度对叠层有机电致发光器件出光性能影响的数值研究

功能层厚度是影响有机电致发光器件出光效率的主要因素之一,故获得不同功能层厚度对器件出光特性的影响规律是制备高性能器件的重要基础. 本文基于薄膜光学原理、电偶极子辐射理论及Fabry-Pérot微腔原理,建立了结构为glass/ITO/N,N0-bis（naphthalen-1-yl）-N,N0-bis（phenyl）-benzidine（NPB）/tris（8-hydroxyquinoline）aluminum（Alq₃）/molybdenum trioxide（MoO₃）/NPB/Alq₃/Al的叠层有机电致发光器件的光学模型,系统地研究了各个功能层厚度对叠层有机电致发光器件出光强度的影响,得到了功能层厚度对器件出光强度影响的规律. 该模型的建立与所获得的结果可对深入了解叠层有机电致发光器件的工作机理以及制备高性能的器件提供一定的帮助. 关键词： 叠层有机发光器件 出光特性 厚度 数值研究     

Combined host–guest doping and host-free systems for high-efficiency white organic light-emitting devices

Highly efficient white organic light-emitting devices (WOLEDs) with a four-layer structure were realized by utilizing phosphorescent blue and yellow emitters. The key concept of device construction is to combine host–guest doping system of the blue emitting layer (EML) and the host-free system of yellow EML. Two kinds of WOLEDs incorporated with distinct host materials, namely N,N'-dicarbazolyl-3,5-benzene (mCP) and p-bis(triphenylsilyly)benzene (UGH2), were fabricated. Without using light out-coupling technology, a maximum current efficiency (η_C) of 58.8 cd/A and a maximum external quantum efficiency (η_EQE) of 18.77% were obtained for the mCP-based WOLED; while a maximum η_C of 65.3 cd/A and a maximum η_EQE of 19.04% were achieved for the UGH2-based WOLED. Meanwhile, both WOLEDs presented higher performance than that of conventionally full-doping WOLEDs. Furthermore, systematic studies of the high-efficiency WOLEDs were progressed.     

Small-molecular white organic light-emitting devices employing 2, 5, 2′, 5′-tetra (<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-trifluoromethylstyryl)-biphenyl as single-emitting component

We demonstrate a promising single layer white light-emitting device using a dimeric trimeric phenylenvinylene derivative as emitting layer. The broad electroluminescence emission band is composed of blue component from singlet excited state of individual 2, 5, 2′, 5′-tetra (p-trifluoromethylstyryl)-biphenyl molecule and long-wavelength electromer emission in electroluminescence. Therefore, white-light emission can also be obtained with a typical three-layer structure of ITO/NPB (50 nm)/TFM-TSB (50 nm)/Alq₃ (30 nm)/LiF/Al device. The maximum brightness of this device is 809 cd/m² at 217 mA/cm² and 13 V, and the maximum luminous efficiency is 1.49 cd/A at 11 mA/cm² and 8 V.      

High-Efficiency White Light Emission Using a Phosphorescent Sensitizer in Organic Light-Emitting Devices

We have fabricated white organic light-emitting devices by using the phosphorescent material fac tris (2-phenylpyridine) iridium [Ir(ppy₃)] as a sensitizer, as a result, the efficiency of these devices is improved dramatically. Ir(ppy)₃ and the fluorescent dye 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-t-butyl-6-(1,1,7,7- tetramethyljulolidyl-9-enyl)(DCJTB) are co-doped into 4,4-N,N-dicarbazole-biphenyl (CBP) host, whose thickness affects both color and efficiency of the devices. Tris (8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq) and 2,9-dimethyl-4,7-diphenyl-1,10-phenanthroline (bathocuproine or BCP) are used as electron-transporting and exciton-blocking layers, respectively, and N,N-diphenyl-N,N-bis(1-naphthyl)-(1,1-biphenyl)-4,4-diamine (NPB) as a blue light-emitting as well as hole-transporting layer. The maximum efficiencies of the devices with 15 and 20 nm co-doped BCP tuning layer are 7.5 and 8.6 cd/A, respectively, and the former presents fairly pure white emission with CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.32) at 10 V, which is very stable at various biases (10–19 V).     

基于铱配合物材料的高效高稳定性有机发光二极管

使用基于重金属Ir的新磷光材料(tpbi)₂Ir(acac)，制备了多层结构有机发光二极管器件: ITO/CuPc (40 nm)/α-NPD (45 nm)/CBP: (tpbi)₂Ir(acac) (3%, 30nm)/BCP(20 nm)/Alq₃ (20 nm)/LiF (1 nm)/Al (100 nm).测试了材料的寿命、光谱吸收性质和器件的I-V-L特性.器件在低电压下电流符合热发射注入模型，高电压下I-V呈线形关系.不同偏压下器件发光光谱稳定，多峰拟合结果表明器件光谱由α-NPD发光峰(450 nm)，(tpbi)₂Ir(acac)主发光峰(518 nm)和肩峰(543 nm)构成.驱动电压为6 V时，器件效率达到最大12.1 lm/W，此时亮度为136 cd/m²，器件亮度最大为13500 cd/m²，此时效率为0.584 lm/W. 关键词： 有机发光二极管 磷光 效率 I-V-L特性')" href="#">I-V-L特性 光谱     

Study of different roles phosphorescent material played in different positions of organic light emitting diodes

Phosphorescent materials are crucial to improve the luminescence and efficiency of organic light emitting diodes (OLED), because its internal quantum efficiency can reach 100%. So the studying of optical and electrical properties of phosphorescent materials is propitious for the further development of phosphorescent OLED. Phosphorescent materials were generally doped into different host materials as emitting components, not only played an important role in emitting light but also had a profound influence on carrier transport properties. We studied the optical and electrical properties of the blue 4,4′-bis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)-1,1′-biphenyl (DPVBi)-based devices, adding a common yellow phosphorescent material bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)benzothiazolato-N,C2′] iridium(acetylacetonate) [(t-bt)₂Ir(acac)] in different positions. The results showed (t-bt)₂Ir(acac) has remarkable hole-trapping ability. Especially the ultrathin structure device, compared to the device without (t-bt)₂Ir(acac), had increased the luminance by about 60%, and the efficiency by about 97%. Then introduced thin 4,4′-bis(carbazol-9-yl)biphenyl (CBP) host layer between DPVBi and (t-bt)₂Ir(acac), and got devices with stable white color.