Effect of Substructure on Toughness of Lath Martensite/Bainite Mixed Structure in Low-Carbon Steels

The quantitative analysis of substructure in the martensite/bainite mixed structure, which is obtained from low-carbon NiCrMoV steels under different cooling conditions, was made by means of optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscope (SEM), electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD), and transmission electron microscope (TEM), in order to research the effect on toughness. The test results indicate that the toughness of the steel is enhanced with the decrease in the packet and block size under the condition of the same prior austenite grain size mixed with different ratios of martensite and bainite while the lath width is about 0.38 μm. The calculation shows that both the packet and block boundaries have the same hindering effect on crack extension. Furthermore, the effect of the block width on impact energy is much larger than that of the packet. Therefore, the block can be used as microstructural substructure to affect the toughness in low-carbon martensite steels, suggesting that the block size is "the effective grain size" for controlling toughness.     

不同强度级别低合金钢焊缝金属的组织特征及其对韧性的影响

焊接区的微观组织是决定其力学性能的关键因素。为了改善低合金钢焊缝的冲击韧性,对500~1 000MPa级焊条的焊缝金属的化学组成、金相组织和力学性能进行了对比研究。采用金相显微镜和透射电子显微镜对不同强度级别的低合金钢焊缝组织进行了观察和电子衍射分析,并进行了焊缝金属拉伸强度和冲击韧性测试。结果表明,随着焊条强度级别的增加,焊缝组织由先共析铁素体、针状铁素体加珠光体变成粒状贝氏体,最后变成贝氏体加马氏体组织;当焊缝组织为粒状贝氏体时其韧性最低。     

Microstructure,Composition, and Impact Toughness Across the Fusion Line of High-Strength Bainitic Steel Weldments

This paper analyzed the evolution of microstructure, composition, and impact toughness across the fusion line of high-strength bainitic steel weldments with different heat inputs. The main purpose was to develop a convenient method to evaluate the HAZ toughness quickly. The compositions of HAZ were insensitive to higher contents of alloy elements (e.g., Ni, Mo) in the weld metal because their diffusion distance is very short into the HAZ. The weld metal contained predominantly acicular ferrite at any a heat input, whereas the main microstructures in the HAZ changed from lath martensite/bainite to upper bainite with the increasing heat input. The evolution of HAZ toughness in relation to microstructural changes can be revealed clearly combined with the impact load curve and fracture morphology, although the results of impact tests do not show an obvious change with heat input because the position of Charpy V notch contains the weld metal, HAZ as well as a part of base metal. As a result, based on the bead-on-plate welding tests, the welding parameter affecting the HAZ toughness can be evaluated rapidly.     

Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of GMAW Weld Metal of 890MPa Class Steel

The relationship between microstructure and mechanical properties of gas metal arc weld metal with strength over 890 MPa is discussed. The microstructure of the weld metals is characterized with OM, SEM, TEM and EBSD. The microstructure of the weld metals is mainly composed of martensite and bainite. Experimental results show that the microstructure with predominant fine lath bainite possesses good toughness of 77 .l, while its yield strength is less than 800 MPa. The microstructure of coarse lath martensite and bainite has the lowest toughness of 43 J and its yield strength is 820 MPa. The mixed microstructure with fine martensite, bainite and retained austenite films bears good combination of toughness and yield strength （62 J and 880 MPa, respectively）. It is concluded that fine effective grain size and ductile phase of austenite films are two main factors to achieve good mechanical properties.     

块状组织细化对贝氏体钢断裂行为的影响

 中碳贝氏体钢由亚微米贝氏体铁素体板条和残余奥氏体组成,对韧性起主要作用的为残余奥氏体,通过细化块状组织能显著提高贝氏体钢的韧性。为了探究块状组织细化对断裂行为的影响,采用两步贝氏体等温工艺对中碳(碳质量分数为0.3%)贝氏体钢中块状组织进行细化,对拉伸和冲击性能及其裂纹扩展行为变化进行了研究。利用光学、扫描电子(SEM)、透射电子(TEM)显微镜、X射线衍射(XRD)等对试验钢的显微组织类型和尺寸、拉伸和冲击性能及断口形貌进行表征和分析。结果表明,与一步贝氏体工艺相比,两步贝氏体工艺中新形成的贝氏体铁素体分割细化块状马氏体+残余奥氏体,随着真应变的增加,加工硬化的效果更好;断裂形式为韧性断裂,且韧窝的数量、深度更优于一步贝氏体转变,塑韧性更佳。     

550 MPa级海洋工程用钢板低温韧性波动原因分析

 550 MPa级海洋工程用钢在低温冲击功波动较大。为了进一步探究产生低温韧性波动的原因,在不同温度(-100 ℃~室温)对试验钢进行冲击试验。结合光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜等设备,分析冲击断口、显微组织、第二相、夹杂物。结合热力学计算等对低温韧性波动原因进行分析讨论。结果表明,试验钢强度满足等级要求,随着温度降低冲击吸收功不断降低,韧脆转变温度为-50 ℃左右。在-60 ℃下冲击功出现较大波动,出现了18 J的极低值,断口为准解理断裂,剪切断面率为8%,裂纹源处存在Ti,Nb(C,N)和MnS的复合夹杂。而在相同温度下冲击功为122 J的试验钢,剪切断面率为34%,断口发现有明显的韧窝。试验钢组织主要为回火贝氏体加极少量铁素体,贝氏体板条中存在高密度位错,晶界上有(Fe,Cr)₃C合金渗碳体与少量NbC和富Cu析出相。试验钢以小角度晶界为主,大角度晶界占比较低。基体中有少量(Ca,Al,Mg,Mn,S)等复合夹杂物,多呈近圆形和多边形,大小多为1~3 μm,占检测到的总数量的85.87%。占比例最高的是CaS-Oxide-MnS类夹杂,为31.2%。热力学计算结果表明试验钢凝固过程中TiN先于MnS析出。晶界与晶内粗大的析出相、夹杂物、较高比例的小角度晶界与塞积的不可动位错等多种因素对低温冲击韧性产生不利影响,存在大颗粒含钛析出相是造成冲击韧性波动大的关键原因。     

超厚高强钢心部组织对断裂机制的影响

摘要：为了研究超厚钢板心部显微组织与微观断裂机制的关系,利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）和电子背散射衍射（EBSD）等技术手段对试验钢板1/4厚度、1/2厚度（心部）显微组织及裂纹形貌进行表征和分析。结果表明,心部处低温冲击韧性较1/4厚度处有明显的降低,这是由于心部组织为回火板条贝氏体和回火粒状贝氏体,其中粒状贝氏体的比例较高,粒状贝氏体中M-A岛的存在促进了微孔或微裂纹的启裂;1/4厚度处为回火板条马氏体与回火板条贝氏体二者的混合组织,板条间的位错运动释放局部应力集中,而舒缓裂纹尖端区域所受应力,产生裂纹钝化、阻碍裂纹扩展,提高低温冲击韧性。     

Effect of center microstructure on fracture mechanism of ultra-thick high strength steel

In order to study the relationship between microstructure and fracture mechanism of ultra-thick steel plate, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) were used to characterize and analyze the microstructure and crack morphology of 1/4 and 1/2 thickness (center) of the test plate. The results show that the low temperature impact toughness at the center is significantly lower than that at the 1/4 thickness, which is due to the microstructure of the center is tempered lath bainite and tempered granular bainite, and the proportion of granular bainite is higher. The presence of M-A island in granular bainite promotes the initiation of micro pores or micro cracks. The 1/4 thickness is a mixed microstructure of tempered lath martensite and tempered lath bainite. The dislocation movement between laths releases local stress concentration, and relieves the stress at the crack tip region, resulting in crack passivation, hindering crack propagation and improving low temperature impact toughness.     

Effect of cooling after welding on microstructure and mechanical properties of 12 Pct Cr steel weld metals

The microstructure of three 12 pct cr steel weld metals with different nickel and nitrogen contents was studied in as-welded condition and after postweld heat treatment with and without intercooling. Tensile strength and impact toughness of the weld metals were investigated in different postweld heat treatment conditions. In weld metals heat treated without intercooling, austenite decomposed by a eutectoid reaction that resulted in M₂₃C₆ aggregates around retained δ-ferrite. Two morphologies of M₂N and MN precipitates were found in a low-dislocation α-ferrite. It was concluded that these phases were also transformed from austenite. In weld metals heat treated with intercooling, M₂₃C₆ precipitates were smaller and more homogeneously distributed. Different MN precipitates were found in the tempered martensite. The fracture mode of the weld metals at room temperature was mainly transgranular cleavage with some fibrous fracture. Intercooling treatment improved Charpy impact toughness of the 12 pct Cr steel weld metals substantially. It was found that the important microstructural factors affecting the impact toughness of the weld metals which were heat treated without intercooling were the sizes of the α-ferrite grains, nonmetallic inclusions, and M₂₃C₆ aggregates. For the weld metals heat treated with intercooling, the factors which affect the toughness of the weld metals were the sizes of martensite packets and nonmetallic inclusions.     

焊后热处理对07MnCrMoVR钢热影响粗晶区-20℃冲击韧性的影响

采用光学显微镜、扫描显微镜、透射电镜和冲击韧性试验机对07MnCrMoVR钢热影响粗晶区在460～660℃ 2h焊后热处理工艺下的组织性能进行了分析。结果表明,随着焊后热处理温度的升高,焊缝热影响粗晶区-20℃冲击韧性呈现先降低再升高的现象。焊后热处理钢在580℃和620℃出现再热裂纹倾向,冲击试样为脆性断口,解理断裂,沿着晶界出现了微裂纹,主要是因为碳化物沿着晶界析出并长大弱化了晶界的结合能,导致低温冲击韧性出现降低。≥620℃焊后热处理,07MnCrMoVR钢出现再结晶的现象,位错消失,铁素体晶粒合并长大使其低温冲击韧性又重新升高。该钢最优焊后热处理为460～500℃ 2 h。     

X80级高强低合金管线钢组织与冲击韧性

 为了研究准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体显微组织的高强低合金X80管线钢的低温韧性与冲击裂纹扩展特点，用OM、SEM、EBSD和TEM等多尺度手段进行了表征。结果表明，与针状铁素体/粒状贝氏体相比，在－60 ℃以上时，准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体表现出更好的阻止裂纹扩展的能力，准多边形铁素体可以分割显微组织并细化有效晶粒尺寸，增加大角度晶界比例，协调约束冲击裂纹扩展，进而提高韧性；当温度在－60 ℃以下时，这种准多边形铁素体/板条贝氏体/粒状贝氏体对裂纹扩展的协调约束作用减弱，成为显微组织的“软区”，使得材料韧性下降。     

不同冲击性能低温容器用9Ni钢的微观研究

对冲击性能不同的9Ni钢试样从微观方面进行了比对分析,用扫描电子显微镜、金相显微镜、电子探针和扫描电镜电子背散射衍射(EBSD)进行组织、非金属夹杂物、奥氏体晶粒、低倍枝晶和残余奥氏体量的观察研究。研究结果表明:冲击功值低的试样断口呈脆性解理断裂,低倍枝晶形貌图显示柱状晶发达,奥氏体晶粒粗大且不均匀;而冲击功值高的试样断口呈韧性断裂,各晶区可明显区分,奥氏体晶粒细且均匀。两组试样的夹杂物评级没有明显差异,说明两组试样的冲击性能差异是由于不恰当的连铸工艺使得柱状晶过于发达,铸态枝晶间形成富镍的偏析带,镍的偏析带在随后的热加工中不能被完全消除而遗传下来,造成了钢板镍元素的微观偏析,引起了组织不均匀,并降低了9Ni钢的冲击性能。     

Correlation Between Microstructure and Low-Temperature Impact Toughness of Simulated Reheated Zones in the Multi-pass Weld Metal of High-Strength Steel

A large fraction of reheated weld metal is formed during multi-pass welding, which significantly affects the mechanical properties (especially toughness) of welded structures. In this study, the low-temperature toughness of the simulated reheated zone in multi-pass weld metal was evaluated and compared to that of the as-deposited zone using microstructural analyses. Two kinds of high-strength steel welds with different hardenabilities were produced by single-pass, bead-in-groove welding, and both welds were thermally cycled to peak temperatures above Ac₃ using a Gleeble simulator. When the weld metals were reheated, their toughness deteriorated in response to the increase in the fraction of detrimental microstructural components, i.e., grain boundary ferrite and coalesced bainite in the weld metals with low and high hardenabilities, respectively. In addition, toughness deterioration occurred in conjunction with an increase in the effective grain size, which was attributed to the decrease in nucleation probability of acicular ferrite; the main cause for this decrease changed depending on the hardenability of the weld metal.     

690 MPa级ULCB熔敷金属组织与强韧化规律

 采用传统的高强钢焊接材料焊接690 MPa级低碳铜沉淀强化钢时,仍需严格控制热输入、预热温度、层间温度,这使得低碳铜沉淀强化钢的优良性能和可节约生产成本的优势得不到很好地发挥。通过采用光学显微镜(OM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)等表征方法,研究了不同质量分数的Si/Mn/Ni配比对690 MPa级超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)熔敷金属的组织及强韧性能的影响,为690 MPa级低碳铜沉淀强化钢配套的焊接材料的工程化应用提供一定的技术支持和积累。结果表明,690 MPa级超低碳贝氏体(ULCB)熔敷金属组织主要由板条贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成。当Si质量分数为0.16%、Mn质量分数为1.46%时,熔敷金属组织细化,冲击韧性得以提升,但Si含量过低易使贝氏体铁素体呈块状,导致韧性提升有限。而当Si质量分数为0.29%、Mn质量分数为1.02%时,Ni含量增加,贝氏体铁素体板条呈细长条状,显微组织相互交错分布,使熔敷金属冲击韧性显著改善。相变位错强化受贝氏体开始转变温度(B_s)影响,这是影响ULCB熔敷金属强度的主要原因。ULCB熔敷金属中夹杂物主要分布在贝氏体铁素体的板条亚结构间,少量成为针状铁素体的形核质点,促进针状铁素体形核,因此,对熔敷金属中的夹杂物进行控制,可进一步发挥超低碳贝氏体熔敷金属的潜力,提高其韧性。     

锰对低碳耐候钢组织与强韧性的影响

在真空感应炉冶炼了2炉不同锰质量分数的低碳耐候钢,利用热模拟机和金相显微镜分析了其组织特征和相变规律,并通过室温拉伸、冲击实验且结合断口分析表征了实验钢的强韧性。热模拟实验表明,低碳高锰耐候钢组织在低冷速下（＜1 ℃/s)为铁素体＋少量珠光体,而在较大冷速内(1～10 ℃/s)为贝氏体＋铁素体复相特征,随冷却速度的增加则钢中贝氏体增多。分析轧态组织表明,2组实验耐候钢中主要组织均为等轴铁素体;增加钢中锰则其强度明显增大,虽塑性和冲击韧性有所降低,但仍可获得良好的强韧性组合。     

热轧钛微合金化高强钢低温冲击韧性的控制

 为了解决热轧钛微合金化高强钢低温冲击韧性差的问题,采用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱仪等设备并结合热力学及动力学计算,从冲击断口的形貌、TiN第二相、金相组织方面进了原因分析。分析结果表明,造成试验钢低温冲击韧性差的主要原因为钢中存在大颗粒TiN第二相,钢中珠光体带状组织严重及尺寸分布不均以及两者中大颗粒TiN的影响作用更为显著。通过增加KR铁水脱硫及RH精炼工序,提高连铸二冷强度,降低钢中的碳、氮质量分数等优化措施,减小了大颗粒TiN的尺寸、降低了钢中珠光体带组织等级并提高铁素体等软相组织体积分数和组织均匀性,使钛微合金化高强钢的低温冲击韧性得到了显著改善,合格率提升至100%。     

Effect of Martensite Morphology on Impact Toughness of Ultra-High Strength 25CrMo48V Steel Seamless Tube Quenched at Different Temperatures

A 25CrMo48V steel for ultra-deep oil/gas well casings was quenched at 900-1 200 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃. The lath martensitic structures were characterized by optical microscope (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), electron backscattering diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and the transverse impact energy at 0 ℃ was measured from the as-quenched and tempered specimens. The results show that with the quenching temperature decreased, the prior austenite grain, martensitic packet and block are refined, while the lath width seems to remain unchanged. The enhancement of impact toughness with the decreasing quenching temperature can be attributed to refinement of the martensitic structure with high-angle boundaries, and the block is the minimum structure unit controlling impact toughness. The transverse impact energy [ECVN (0 ℃) ≥100 J] required for seamless casings with ultra-high strength (Rp0.2≥932 MPa) has been finally achieved with the experimental steel quenched at 900-1 000 ℃ and tempered at 650 ℃.     

锰对低碳耐候钢组织与强韧性的影响

在真空感应炉冶炼了2炉不同锰质量分数的低碳耐候钢,利用热模拟机和金相显微镜分析了其组织特征和相变规律,并通过室温拉伸、冲击实验且结合断口分析表征了实验钢的强韧性。热模拟实验表明,低碳高锰耐候钢组织在低冷速下（＜1 ℃/s)为铁素体＋少量珠光体,而在较大冷速内(1～10 ℃/s)为贝氏体＋铁素体复相特征,随冷却速度的增加则钢中贝氏体增多。分析轧态组织表明,2组实验耐候钢中主要组织均为等轴铁素体;增加钢中锰则其强度明显增大,虽塑性和冲击韧性有所降低,但仍可获得良好的强韧性组合。     

Fracture behavior of C-Mn steel and weld metal in notched and precracked specimens: Part I. fracture behavior

In this investigation, fracture loads, toughness values, and the lengths of fibrous cracks on fracture surfaces were measured in Charpy V, crack tip opening displacement (COD), and precracked impact testing at various temperatures for C-Mn base steel and C-Mn and Ti-B weld metals. The uniaxial tensile properties of these metals were measured as well. By plotting the parameters related to toughness against the length of fibrous cracks measured, the energy absorbed by unit crack extension was estimated. The local cleavage fracture stresses, oy, were measured in Charpy V-notched and COD precracked specimens. The results showed σ_f about 600 MPa higher in the latter than in the former. Based on the results obtained, the factors controlling the toughness were analyzed. This was explained by the brittle transition temperature of the base metal being higher than that of the weld metal in the Charpy V test; however, it was lower in the COD test. The differences in fracture behavior between various types of toughness specimens were analyzed. The prerequisite condition for establishing the correlation between the results of Charpy V and COD tests was also discussed.     

控冷工艺下组织及M/A岛对管线钢韧性的影响

 为了研究微观组织、M/A岛体积分数和长宽比对管线钢低温韧性的影响,用OM、SEM、EBSD和TEM等多尺度手段对材料进行了表征。结果表明,不同冷却速度工艺下均得到针状铁素体(AF)+准多边形铁素体(QF)+M/A岛+粒状贝氏体(GB)的组织结构。但随着冷却速度的增加,组织得到显著细化,有效晶粒尺寸由3.21降低到2.88 μm。M/A岛体积分数从11.2%降低到5.8%,M/A岛长宽比也从3.5降低到1.2。在温度不低于-40 ℃时,随着有效晶粒尺寸减小和M/A岛尺寸、长宽比的减小,管线钢的低温韧性大幅提高。但在温度降低到-80~-60 ℃时,以马氏体为主的类圆形M/A岛易脆化断裂,造成材料在M/A岛体积分数最低和长宽比最低时冲击韧性出现最低值,管线钢的低温韧性与大角度晶界所占的百分比没有直接关系。针对试验用高强管线钢,在冷却速度为20 ℃/s、M/A岛体积分数为9.8%左右、长宽比为2.5时,材料具有韧性优异的综合性能。