6-酮-前列腺素F_(1α)酶免疫分析

本文报告了6-酮-前列腺素(PG)F_(1α)的酶免疫分析法。用混合酸酐法交联β-半乳糖苷酶和6-酮-PG-F_(1α)。通过双抗体沉淀法分离免疫复合物和游离6-酮-PGF_(1α)。以4-甲基伞形酮-β-D-半乳糖苷作底物测定酶促反应产物的荧光强度。该方法6-酮-PGF_(1α)最低检出值0.054 pmol(20pg),批内变异系数(CV)平均3.84％,批间CV平均6.72％,回收率平均105.2％。分别用酶免疫分析和放射免疫分析法测定同一家兔主动脉样品6-酮-PGF_(1α)含量,相关系数r=0.9474。用消炎痛和咪唑作为工具药验证了该方法在药理研究中应用的可行性。     

大鼠感染性休克和内毒素性休克时血浆6-酮-前列腺素F_(1α)和血栓素B_2的动态观察

本文观察了大鼠感染性休克和内毒素性休克时血浆6-酮-PGF_1α和TXB_2的动态变化。通过结扎盲肠加穿孔造成大鼠细菌性腹膜炎,随之产生感染性休克。静脉注射大肠杆菌内毒素使大鼠产生内毒素休克。在这两种休克模型中,血浆6-酮-PGF_(1α)均明显升高,似与病情程度同步;血浆FXB_2的变化规律不一致。内毒素休克时血浆TXB_2持续升高,而结扎盲肠加穿孔组大鼠仅在术后5.5小时时血浆TXB_2显著升高,随后持续下降,术后约16小时时明显低于术前水平。感染性休克过程中血浆6-酮-PGF_(1α)和TXB_2的比值与动脉血压呈显著负相关,提示血浆PGI_2的增高和/或FXA_2的下降可能是介导感染性休克低血压的原因之一。     

山莨菪碱对感染性休克大鼠前列腺素代谢的影响

本文研宄了山莨菪碱对感染性休克大鼠血浆TXB_2和6-酮-PGF_1a含量的影响。与对照组相比较,山茛菪碱处理的大鼠血浆TXB_2和6-酮-PGF_1α含量分别于结扎盲肠后6小时和16小时显著降低。结果指示山良菪碱抗休克作用部分与它抑制前列腺素合成有关。     

血浆花生四烯酸代谢指标在高血压肾病患者中的变化及意义

目的：探讨了血浆6-酮-前列腺素F1α（6-酮-PGF1α）、8-表氧-前列腺素F2α（8-表氧-PGF2α）和11-去氢-血栓烷B2（DH-TXB2）水平在高血压肾病中的变化及意义。方法：应用放射免疫分析测定36例高血压肾病患者血浆中6-酮-PGF1α、8-表氧-PGF2α和酶联免疫法检测11-去氢-血栓烷B2,并以35名正常健康人作比较。结果：高血压肾病组血浆8-表氧-PGF2α、DH-TXB2水平显著地高于正常人组（P〈0.01）,而6-酮-PGF1α水平则显著地低于正常人组（P〈0.01）,血浆6-酮-PGF1α与尿微量白蛋白（UAlb）水平呈负相关（r=-0.3525,P〈0.05）,而血浆DH-TXB2和8-表氧-PGF2α水平均与UAlb水平呈正相关（r=0.4213、0.4716,P〈0.05）。结论：血管内皮受损、血小板活化和脂质过氧化是高血压肾病的发生、发展的重要机制。     

绵羊内毒素肺损伤时P物质和前列腺素含量变化

本实验利用较大剂量内毒素在带慢性肺淋巴瘘的清醒绵羊复制肺损伤模型。测定了动物血浆、肺淋巴液中P物质(SP)、血栓烷B_2(TXB_2)和6-酮前列腺素F_(1α)(6-keto-PGF_(1α))含量变化及肺组织中SP含量改变。结果显示,注入内毒素后120min,血浆和肺淋巴液SP含量明显高于注射内毒素前。在注入内毒素后360min,肺组织中SP含量则显著低于注射前。注入内毒素后30min,血浆TXB_2和6-keto-PGF_(1α)显著升高。肺淋巴液中TXB_2和6-keto-PGF_(1α)于注入内毒素后60min显著高于注射内毒素前,且TXB_2比6-keto-PGF_(1α)升高更明显。     

慢性阻塞性肺疾病和慢性肺心病患者TXB_2、6-酮-PGF1α、GMP-140测定的临床意义

本文对慢性阻塞性肺疾病(COPD)和慢性肺心病急性发作期患者血浆血栓烷B_2(TXB_2)、6-酮-前列腺素Flα(6-酮-PGFlα)及血小板GMP-140水平,应用放射免疫分析法进行检测,探讨其临床意义。 材料和方法 一、对象: (一)正常对照组40例(男26,女14),平均年龄60.2岁,均为本院职工,查体各项检查正常者。 (二)慢性支气管炎(慢支)组35例(男20,女15),平均年龄56.2岁,诊断符合1979年全国慢性支气管炎临床专业会议修定的“慢性支气管炎临床诊断及疗效判断标准”。     

川芎嗪对急性胰腺炎大鼠细胞凋亡的影响

目的:研究川芎嗪(TMP)对急性胰腺炎(AP)血栓形成、组织病理变化、氧自由基和细胞凋亡的影响机制。方法:采用十二指肠胆胰管逆行加压注射5%牛磺胆酸钠的方法制备大鼠AP模型,动态观察TMP治疗前后大鼠血栓烷A2/前列环素代谢产物血栓烷B2/6-酮-前列腺素F1α(TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1α)比值(T/P)、血浆超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、淀粉酶(AMY)等各项指标;通过观察胰腺组织的病理形态进行病理评分;采用TUNEL法评价胰腺细胞凋亡指数(AI)。结果:经TMP治疗后,大鼠T/P值明显降低,血清SOD水平升高,MDA水平降低;胰腺组织病理评分为4.85±0.98(6h),AI为9.88±0.98(6h),与AP组比较差异有显著性意义(P<0.05)。结论:TMP对AP的治疗作用与其纠正血栓烷A2/前列环素I2失衡,改善AP大鼠微循环,减少自由基造成的损伤,诱导细胞凋亡,减少胰腺细胞坏死有关。     

妊高征患者血栓烷B2,6—酮—前列腺素F1α测定的临床意义

本文对正常非孕妇女、正常中孕和晚孕孕妇、妊高征中孕和晚孕患者血浆血栓烷B_2(TXB_2)和6-酮-前列腺素F_1α(6-keto-PGF_1α)水平应用放射免疫分析法进行检测,以探讨其在妊高征发病中的作用。 材料和方法 一、对象: (一)正常非孕组:健康未孕妇女40例,年龄22～31岁,平均25.5岁。1个月内未服用过避孕药。 (二)正常中孕组:40例,年龄22～31岁,平均25.7岁,孕期19～27周,平均25.0周。     

血浆ET,TXB2,6—K—PGF1α测定在血栓闭塞性脉管炎治疗中的临床意义

为探讨血浆内皮素(ET)、血栓素B(TXB_2)和6酮前列腺F_1α(6-K-PGF_1α)在血栓闭塞性脉管炎(Thromboangitis Obliterans, TAO)中的变化及与临床治疗的关系,我们对34例TAO患者及30例健康对照组进行血浆ET、TXB_2、6-K-PGF_1α测定,现持结果报道如下。     

全蝎提取液对家兔实验性动脉血栓的影响

目的:研究全蝎提取液对家兔实验性动脉血栓的影响。方法:采用双氧水(H2O2)损伤家兔颈总动脉复制血栓模型,观察全蝎提取液的抗血栓作用。结果:全蝎提取液能明显减轻兔血栓重量(P<0.01),使血浆6-酮-前列腺素1a(6-keto-PGF1a)含量明显升高(P<0.01),明显降低血栓烷B2(TXB2)含量(P<0.05),全蝎组的APTT、PT和TT较盐水对照组明显延长。结论:全蝎提取液有明显的抗动脉血栓形成作用,其作用机理可能与抗凝、抑制血小板活化和增加内皮细胞抗血栓能力有关。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

The universal muscular chain reaction,muscle spasm,Torsions, ruptures and extravasations. Chameleons of pathology and some manifestations of simple muscular disorders

Most bodily functions require the coordinated actions of complementary and supplementary paired muscle groups. Where this essential muscular cooperation is lacking, hollow organs may burst and others become literally screwed up, giving rise to many similar spastic diseases such as Torticollis, Twisted ovarian cyst, Torsion of the Testis, Volvulus of the intestines, Varicose Veins, Megacolon, Aortamegaly, Scoliosis, Erb's Palsy, Peyronie's Disease, Main-en-Griffe, Undescended Foot (Pes Cavus), Talipes, Strabismus. Spasm is “panenepidemic” and unclassified examples of Torsion Dystonia and Dyskinesia really are as common as debt and taxes.     

Class II HLA in Georgia Caucasus Tbilisi Georgians and their Mediterranean ancestry: The Usko Mediterranean languages

Georgia (or Sakartvelo in its own language) is a South Caucasus Mts. country with its easternmost part is enigmatically named Iberia, like the Iberian Peninsula, which may refer to rivers “Kura” and “Ebro” or their valleys respectively. Most of their inhabitants speak Georgian which is included within Dene-Caucasian group and Usko-Mediterranean subgroup of languages. The latter includes Basque, Berber, ancient Iberian-Tartessian, Etruscan, Hittite, Minoan Lineal A and others. In the present paper, HLA class II -DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles has been studied and extended haplotypes calculated. Most frequent haplotypes are also of Mediterranean origin (i. e.: (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*51)-DRB1*13:01-DQB1*06:03, or (A*24-B*35)-DRB1*01:01-DQB1*05:01) and DA genetic distances show that closest world populations to Georgians are Mediterraneans. Georgians also show common extended haplotypes ((A*02-B*51)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01, (A*02-B*13)-DRB1*07:01-DQB1*02:01 and (A*03-B*35)-DRB1*11:01-DQB1*03:01) with Svan people, a secluded population in North Georgia mountains. We can conclude that Georgians belong to a very old Mediterranean substratum according to both linguistics (Usko Mediterranean languages) and HLA genetics.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.