右美托咪定用于高龄患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术全麻维持的临床研究

目的探讨右美托咪定代替丙泊酚镇静用于高龄患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术(LC)中麻醉维持的可行性。方法选择择期行LC的70岁以上高龄患者90例,随机分为丙泊酚+瑞芬太尼麻醉维持组(A组)和右美托咪定+瑞芬太尼麻醉维持组(B组),每组45例。A组患者诱导前不给药,B组患者给予0.5 μg/kg负荷剂量的右美托咪定静脉注射,在10 min内静注完毕。两组患者麻醉诱导方法相同,诱导后均经口插入3#或4#喉罩。麻醉维持:A组以丙泊酚2.0~3.0 μg/ml+瑞芬太尼4.5~5.5 ng/ml静脉TCI维持麻醉;B组在麻醉诱导后则以右美托咪定0.25μg·kg-1·h-1+瑞芬太尼4.5~5.5ng/ml静脉TCI。观察插入喉罩时(T1)、手术开始进镜时(T2)、游离胆囊时(T3)、撤镜时(T4)、拔除喉罩时(T5)的HR、SBP、DBP、BIS值。观察两组患者术后的苏醒时间和拔除喉罩时的Steward苏醒评分和改良OAA/S评级。结果不同时点两组BIS比较差异无统计学意义。与A组比较,T1~T5时B组HR明显减慢,SBP、DBP明显降低(P0.05)。术毕两组的苏醒时间和拔除喉罩时Steward苏醒评分、改良OAA/S评级差异均无统计学意义。结论右美托咪定代替丙泊酚镇静用于高龄患者腹腔镜胆囊切除术术中的麻醉维持安全有效,且血流动力学的波动更小。     

瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚靶控输注联合喉罩通气在小儿先天性心脏病介入手术中的应用

目的探讨瑞芬太尼和丙泊酚效应室靶控输注(TCI)联合喉罩通气在小儿先天性心脏病介入手术麻醉中的可行性和安全性。方法选择ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级,年龄3～9岁拟择期行介入治疗的先天性心脏病患儿236例,随机分为喉罩组(LMA组,n=120)和气管内插管组(ET组,n=116)。麻醉诱导TCI丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼(效应室浓度分别为4.0μg/ml和4.0ng/ml),ET组同时给予单次剂量的维库溴铵0.15mg/kg,LMA组不使用肌松药。麻醉维持TCI丙泊酚效应室浓度2.5～4.0μg/ml、瑞芬太尼效应室浓度4.0ng/ml,术中调节丙泊酚浓度使听觉诱发电位指数(AAI)维持在25～30。于诱导前、插管(喉罩)时、术中、插管(喉罩)时监测SBP、HR、SpO2、PETCO2和术中AAI,记录术中患儿体动、停药至拔除导管(喉罩)时间、拔管(喉罩)时呛咳、烦躁,拔管后患儿体动和配合情况。结果插管(喉罩)时和拔管(喉罩)时ET组BP明显高于、HR快于诱导前和LMA组(P<0.01);两组术中BP低于、HR慢于诱导前,但差异无统计学意义。ET组拔管时间明显长于LMA组(P<0.01);ET组拔管时呛咳、烦躁发生率明显高于LMA组(P<0.01)。两组术中均未出现体动。结论丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼靶控输注联合喉罩全身麻醉在先心病介入治疗麻醉中具有循环稳定、苏醒迅速完全,呛咳和躁动发生率低等特点,麻醉效果良好,安全可靠。     

BIS指导靶控输注依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼用于非心脏手术麻醉的效果:前瞻性、随机、单盲、多中心、临床对比研究

目的 评价脑电双频谱指数(BIS)指导靶控输注(TCI)依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼用于非心脏手术麻醉的效果.方法 择期非心脏手术患者244例,性别不限,年龄20～60岁,体重54～76 kg,身高151～176 cm,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,预计手术时间＜3h.采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为2组:丙泊酚TCI复合麻醉组(P组,n=121)和依托咪酯TCI复合麻醉组(E组,n=123).麻醉诱导:2组静脉注射舒芬太尼0.3～0.4 μg/kg;E组TCI依托咪酯,效应室靶浓度(Ce)0.5～1.0 μg/ml,P组TCI丙泊酚,Ce3～4μg/ml,静脉注射罗库溴铵0.9 mg/kg,气管插管后机械通气,维持PET CO2 35～ 40 mm Hg.麻醉维持:E组TCI依托咪酯,Ce 0.3～0.8 μg/ml;P组TCI丙泊酚,Ce 3 ～4 μg/ml,静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.1～1.0μg·kg-1·min-1,间断静脉注射罗库溴铵10 ～ 20 mg,维持BIS值40～60.记录意识消失时、麻醉维持和苏醒时依托咪酯的Ce,记录麻醉诱导时药物注射痛发生情况及术中血管活性药物使用情况、瑞芬太尼用量、苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间、麻醉恢复期恶心呕吐及躁动的发生情况.结果 意识消失和苏醒时依托咪酯Ce分别为(0.50±0.22)、(0.16±0.09)μg/ml,麻醉维持时Ce 0.22～0.39μg/ml.与P组比较,E组注射痛发生率与血管活性药物使用率降低,瑞芬太尼用量增加,躁动及恶心呕吐发生率升高(P＜0.05或0.01),苏醒时间和拔除气管导管时间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与丙泊酚TCI复合瑞芬太尼麻醉比较,BIS指导依托咪酯TCI复合瑞芬太尼用于3h内非心脏手术麻醉时,血液动力学更平稳,无明显注射痛,而麻醉恢复期躁动及恶心呕吐的发生机率升高.     

依托咪酯靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜手术病人麻醉的效果

目的 评价依托咪酯靶控输注(TCI)复合瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜手术病人麻醉的效果.方法 择期行妇科腹腔镜手术病人60例,年龄25 ～ 56岁,体重指数18 ～ 27 kg/m2,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=30):TCI丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉组(PR组)和TCI依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼麻醉组(ER组).2组静脉注射咪达唑仑0.1 mg/kg、芬太尼4 μg/kg和顺阿曲库铵0.15 mg/kg麻醉诱导,PR组TCI丙泊酚,效应室靶浓度(Ce) 2.5 μg/ml,ER组TCI依托咪酯,Ce 0.8μg/ml,气管插管后行机械通气.麻醉维持:PR组TCI丙泊酚,Ce 2.0～ 2.5μg/ml,ER组TCI依托咪酯,Ce 0.5～0.7 μg/ml,2组静脉输注瑞芬太尼0.1～0.2μg·kg-1·min-1,间断静脉注射顺阿曲库铵5 mg,维持BIS值40 ～ 60.分别于术前(基础状态,T0)、术毕(T1)、术后24 h(T2)和术后48 h(T3)时采集静脉血样,测定血清皮质醇和醛固酮的浓度;记录苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间和术中血管活性药物使用情况;记录麻醉诱导时注射痛和肌颤、术中知晓和术后躁动、恶心呕吐的发生情况.结果 与T0时比较,T1时ER组血清皮质醇浓度降低(P＜0.05),2组各时点血清醛固酮浓度差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与PR组比较,ER组血管活性药物使用率和注射痛发生率降低,肌颤发生率升高(P＜0.05),苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间、躁动和恶心呕吐发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 与TCI丙泊酚复合瑞芬太尼比较,TCI依托咪酯复合瑞芬太尼用于妇科腹腔镜手术时有助于维持血流动力学稳定,对肾上腺皮质功能的抑制作用是一过性的,注射痛发生较少.     

TCI舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼复合麻醉用于腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术病人麻醉恢复质量的比较

目的 比较TCI舒芬太尼和瑞芬太尼复合麻醉用于腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术病人的麻醉恢复质量.方法 择期行腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术病人40例,年龄40～64岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将病人随机分为2组(n=20):TCI瑞芬太尼复合麻醉组(R组)和TCI舒芬太尼复合麻醉组(S组).麻醉诱导:静脉注射阿托品0.25 mg,TCI异丙酚和瑞芬太尼(或舒芬太尼),异丙酚血浆靶浓度(Cp)为4.0μg/ml,瑞芬太尼Cp为4.0 ng/ml,舒芬太尼效应室靶浓度(Ce)为0.4 ng/ml,静脉注射维库溴铵0.1 mg/kg,气管插管后机械通气.麻醉维持:TCI异丙酚,瑞芬太尼Cp和舒芬太尼Ce分别为2.5、0.25 ng/ml,间断静脉注射维库溴铵0.03 mg/kg,调节异丙酚Cp和七氟醚浓度,维持Norcotrend指数37～56.记录苏醒时间、拔除气管导管时间和麻醉恢复期不良事件的发生情况.结果 与R组比较,S组苏醒时间和拔除气管导管时间延长,但是高血压、心动过速、呛咳、躁动和寒颤的发生率降低(P＜0.05);2组均无一例病人发生苏醒延迟或呼吸抑制.结论 与TCI瑞芬太尼复合麻醉比较,TCI舒芬太尼复合麻醉用于腹腔镜下结直肠癌根治术病人麻醉恢复质量较高.     

脑电双频指数指导无痛胃镜检查中瑞芬太尼最适剂量的选择

目的 探讨在无痛胃镜检查中瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚静脉麻醉时瑞芬太尼的最适剂量.方法 接受无痛胃镜检查患者300例,按照随机数字表法随机双盲分成3组(每组100例):瑞芬太尼1组(R1组,瑞芬太尼0.25 μg/kg)、瑞芬太尼2组(R2组,瑞芬太尼0.5 μg/kg)、瑞芬太尼3组(R3组,瑞芬太尼1.μg/kg).记录各组麻醉前(T0)、置入胃镜时(T1)、退出胃镜时(T2)的BIS值、MAP、HR、SpO2,并记录各组患者丙泊酚用量、术中辅助呼吸和术中体动例数、胃镜检查时间、苏醒时间、术中知晓及术后恶心呕吐的情况、离院时间、离院时眩晕等.结果 3组患者To、T1、T2时BIS值、MAP、HR组间分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).与R3组比较,R1组、R2组在T1时点SPO2[(96.9±2.1)％、(96.2±2.9)％比(92.1±5.5)％]明显较高,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);在T1时点R1组与R2组比较以及T2时点3组分别比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).丙泊酚用量R1组[(110±12) mg]、R2组[(65±8)mg]明显多于R3组[(48±6)mg],R1组丙泊酚用量也明显多于R2组,同时术中辅助呼吸R1组(6％)、R2组(9％)较R3组(21％)明显减少,差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.05).与R2组、R3组比较,R1组患者苏醒时间、离院时间明显延长,术中体动及离院时眩晕发生较多(P＜0.05),但R2组、R3组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).3组患者胃镜检查时间、术中知晓及术后恶心呕吐发生情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 以0.5 μg/kg瑞芬太尼辅助适量丙泊白酚是胃镜检查中较适合的搭配方案.     

ProSeal喉罩在颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的临床应用

目的 评价ProSeal喉罩在静-吸复合麻醉颅内动脉瘤栓塞术中的临床应用效果.方法 择期行颅内动脉瘤栓塞术患者40例,随机均分为喉罩组(L组)和气管插管组(T组).麻醉诱导后,L组插入喉罩,T组给予罗库溴铵后气管插管.两组均吸入七氟醚及微量泵靶控输注丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼维持麻醉.记录麻醉诱导前(T0)、麻醉诱导后(T1)、插入喉罩或气管导管后即刻(T2)、手术结束时(T3)、拔除喉罩或气管导管即刻(T4)的SBP、DBP、HR;记录患者自主呼吸恢复时间、拔管时间以及呛咳、咽痛等并发症发生情况;记录麻醉药用量.结果 L组围术期血液动力学平稳,丙泊酚、瑞芬太尼用量较T组少(P＜0.05),自主呼吸恢复时间和拔管时间明显缩短(P＜0.05),咽痛发生率低.结论 ProSeal喉罩通气操作简单、刺激小、通气T靠,复合应用静-吸复合麻醉术中血流动力学平稳,术后苏醒快,且不良反应少,其效果优于气管插管.     

宫腔镜手术静脉全麻诱导期置入喉罩的最佳血浆靶控浓度

目的探讨宫腔镜手术静脉全麻诱导期置入喉罩时瑞芬太尼复合丙泊酚的最佳血浆靶控浓度(plasma concentration,Cp)。方法2007年1～6月,宫腔镜手术60例,随机分为3组,每组20例。诱导Cp:A组瑞芬太尼2.0ng/ml+丙泊酚2.5μg/ml;B组瑞芬太尼2.5ng/ml+丙泊酚3.0μg/ml;C组瑞芬太尼3.0ng/ml+丙泊酚3.5μg/ml。当效应室浓度与血浆浓度达平衡时置入喉罩维持至扩宫完毕。术中维持Cp瑞芬太尼2.0ng/ml,丙泊酚1.5μg/ml,保留自主呼吸,术毕停药。观察喉罩的总体置入条件:张口度、呛咳、体动及置罩难易条件;记录麻醉前(T0)、瑞芬太尼效应室浓度达设定血浆浓度时(T1)、置喉罩时(T2)、置喉罩后3min(T3)、扩宫时(T4)各时点平均动脉压(MAP)、心率(HR)、氧饱和度(SpO2)、呼气末CO2分压(PETCO2)及脑电双频谱指数(BIS);记录麻醉诱导、手术、呼之睁眼和定向力恢复时间。结果3组诱导时间(C组>A组>B组)、术毕睁眼时间(C组>B组>A组)、定向力恢复时间(C组>B组>A组)均有显著性差异(P<0.05),诱导时丙泊酚和瑞芬太尼用量...     

阿芬太尼与瑞芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于鼻内镜手术效果的比较

目的 比较全凭静脉麻醉(TIVA)应用阿芬太尼或瑞芬太尼对鼻内镜手术(ESS)效果的影响。方法 选择择期行鼻内镜手术的患者130例，男62例，女68例，年龄18～64岁，BMI 18～30 kg/m²,ASAⅠ或Ⅱ级。随机将患者分为两组：阿芬太尼组(A组)和瑞芬太尼组(R组)。A组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚靶控输注(TCI)3μg/ml、阿芬太尼20μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合阿芬太尼泵注。R组麻醉诱导依次静脉注射咪达唑仑0.02 mg/kg、丙泊酚TCI 3μg/ml、瑞芬太尼1μg/kg、罗库溴铵0.6 mg/kg,麻醉维持采用丙泊酚靶控输注复合瑞芬太尼泵注。记录术中高血压、心动过速、低血压、心动过缓等血流动力学不良反应发生情况，术后30、60 min、24 h的疼痛程度，拔管时间，术后24 h内补救镇痛情况和恶心呕吐、皮肤瘙痒、呼吸抑制等不良反应发生情况。结果 与R组比较，A组术中低血压发生率明显降低(P<0.05),术后30、60 min无痛发生率明显升高(P<0.05),...     

瑞芬太尼泵注合并喉罩通气在小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术中的临床应用

目的观察瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉泵注合并喉罩通气在小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术中应用的效果。方法选择2012年10月～2013年8月40例ASAⅠ-Ⅱ级腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术患儿,分为瑞芬太尼组（20例）和芬太尼组（20例）,诱导满意后置入喉罩,术中两组均吸入1．0％异氟烷,瑞芬太尼组持续泵入瑞芬太尼0．1～0．25μg／（min·kg）和丙泊酚40—60肛g／（min·kg）维持麻醉,芬太尼组持续泵入丙泊酚40—60μg／（min·kg）,切皮前静脉缓慢注射芬太尼2μg／kg。记录诱导前（T0）、诱导后（T1）、喉罩置人后2min（T2）、放气后（T3）的平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）以及术毕拔出喉罩时间、复苏时间。结果2组麻醉诱导后MAP均下降,芬太尼组更加明显（P〈0．05）。瑞芬太尼组喉罩拔出时间和复苏时间[（6．3±2．2）、（14．5±5．4）min]明显短于芬太尼组[（12．5±4．2）、（20．4±6．4）min]（t=-8．662、-5．382,P=0．000、0．000）。结论瑞芬太尼联合丙泊酚静脉泵注合并喉罩通气进行小儿腹腔镜疝囊高位结扎术,不但可以缩短复苏时间,而且对血流动力学影响小,是一种值得推荐的麻醉方式。     

不同全麻对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能影响的比较

目的 比较不同全麻对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能的影响.方法 拟行非心脏手术患者1000例,年龄18～60岁,ASA分级Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,采用随机数字表法,将患者随机分为5组(n=200):异氟醚+异丙酚+芬太尼组(IPF组)、异氟醚+瑞芬太尼组(IR组)、七氟醚+异丙酚+芬太尼组(SPF组)、七氟醚+瑞芬太尼组(SR组)和异丙酚+瑞芬太尼组(PR组).麻醉维持:IPF组和SPF组分别吸入1.68%异氟醚或1.71%七氟醚,TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～5 μg/ml,间断静脉注射芬太尼;IR组、SR组和PR组分别吸入1.68%异氟醚或1.71%七氟醚或TCI异丙酚,血浆靶浓度2～5 μg/ml,TCI瑞芬太尼,血浆靶浓度2～6 ng/ml.选择同期住院的非手术患者200例作为对照组(C组).于术前1 d、出麻醉恢复室时、术后1和3 d时,采用MMSE量表进行认知功能评分.于出麻醉恢复室时、术后1和3 d时,采用Z计分法评判认知功能障碍.结果 与C组比较,IPF组、IR组、SPF组、SR组和PR组出麻醉恢复室时MMSE评分降低,出麻醉恢复室时及术后1 d时认知功能障碍的发生率升高(P＜0.05);与IPF组、IR组、SPF组和PR组比较,SR组术后认知功能障碍的发生率降低(P＜0.05).结论 七氟醚复合瑞芬太尼麻醉对非心脏手术患者术后认知功能的影响较小.

Abstract：

Objective To compare the effects of methods of general anesthesia on postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Methods One thousand ASA Ⅰ or Ⅱ patients, aged 18-60 yr, undergoing non-cardiac surgery were randomly divided into 5 groups ( n = 200 each) : isoflurane + propofol + fentanyl group (group IPF); isoflurane + remifentanil group (group IR) ; sevoflurane + propofol + fentanyl group (group SPF) ; sevoflurane + remifentanil group (group SR) ; propofol + remifentanil group (group PR) . Two hundred non-operative patients served as control group (group C) . In groups IPF and SPF, anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of 1.68% isoflurane or 1.71 % sevoflurane, TCI of propofol with the target plasma concentration of 2-5 μg/ml, and intermittent iv boluses of fentanyl. In groups IR, SR and PR, anesthesia was maintained with inhalation of 1.68% isoflurane or 1.71% sevoflurane, or TCI of propofol with the target plasma concentration of 2- 5 μg/ml, and TCI of remifentanil with the target plasma concentration of 2-6 ng/ml. The patients' cognitive function was assessed using mini-mental state examination (MMSE) at 1 d before operation, while leaving postanesthesia care unit (PACU) , and at 1 and 3 d after operation. The Z score was used to identify the cognitive dysfunction as recommended by Moller while leaving PACU, and at 1 and 3 d after operation. Results Compared with group C, the MMSE score was significantly decreased while leaving PACU , and the incidence of cognitive dysfunction increased while leaving PACU and at 1 d after operation in the other groups ( P ＜ 0.05). Compared with groups IPF,IR,SPF and PR, the incidence of cognitive dysfunction was significantly increased in group SR ( P ＜ 0.05) . Conclusion General anesthesia with sevoflurane combined remifentanil exerts less effect on the postoperative cognitive function in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery.     

瑞芬太尼复合芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术的临床研究

目的对比研究瑞芬太尼复合芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉与单纯使用瑞芬太尼或芬太尼静脉复合麻醉用于腹腔镜胆囊切除术（LC）的效果。方法60例择期LC患者，随机分为三组：单纯瑞芬太尼组（R）、瑞芬太尼＋芬太尼组（RF）和单纯芬太尼组（F）（n=20）。观察记录全麻诱导、维持及苏醒期平均动脉压（MAP）、心率（HR）、SpO2，停药至患者自主呼吸恢复时间、意识恢复时间、拔除气管导管时间，病人拔管后即刻、1、3、7、12h的疼痛程度评分（VRS）、意识状态评分（OAAS）及苏醒期并发症。结果与RF、F组及组内诱导前比，R组诱导插管时MAP较低，HR较快，术毕MAP较高，HR增快，术中维持过程无明显差异。RF、F两组间及组内在诱导与维持过程MAP及HR无明显差异，拔管及离开手术室时RF组MAP升高、HR增快。R、RF两组术后各观察指标时间差异无显著性，F组明显延长。三组术后并发症无统计学差异。R组术后VRS明显高于RF、F组（P〈0．01）；组内与拔管后即刻相比，R组术后VRS评分均明显升高，RF、F组无明显变化。F组在拔管后即刻，术后1、3h的OAAS均明显低于R、RF组（P〈0．01）。结论与单纯使用瑞芬太尼或芬太尼麻醉相比较，在麻醉诱导期复合使用瑞芬太尼和芬太尼，后期再以瑞芬太尼维持麻醉，其麻醉效应更加平稳，苏醒质量不受明显影响，术后不良反应更轻，并可减少患者术后对于镇痛的要求。     

瑞芬太尼与芬太尼对老年患者术后认知功能的影响

目的 比较瑞芬太尼和芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉对老年患者术后认知功能的影响.方法 选择ASA Ⅰ或Ⅱ级,年龄65～70岁之间择期行腹腔镜下胆囊切除术患者80例,随机分为两组:瑞芬太尼加丙泊酚靶控输注组(R组,40例);芬太尼加丙泊酚靶控输注组(F组,40例).所有患者于手术前1d及术后1、3、5d于每天16～18时进行成人韦氏量表评分(WAIS).结果 术后睁眼时间、拔管时间、复苏室停留时间R组明显短于F组(P＜0.05).拔管后Steward苏醒评分和Prince-Henry疼痛评分R组明显高于F组(P＜0.05).术后1d两组WAIS评分明显低于术前1d(P＜0.05),术后5d两组WAIS评分明显高于术后1 d(P＜0.05).两组间各时点WAIS评分比较差异无统计学意义.术中阿托品、麻黄碱、乌拉地尔用量组间差异无统计学意义.结论 瑞芬太尼和芬太尼全凭静脉麻醉用于老年患者腹腔镜手术均可引起术后一过性认知功能减低,短期内认知功能会逐渐恢复到术前水平.     

The contribution of remifentanil to middle latency auditory evoked potentials during induction of propofol anesthesia

There is a debate regarding whether opioids, as a component of general anesthesia, are adequately reflected in the assessment of anesthesia based on derivatives of the electroencephalogram. To test the hypothesis of a possible quantitative contribution of remifentanil on middle latency auditory evoked potentials, we studied its interaction with propofol anesthesia in 45 unpremedicated male patients undergoing elective lower limb orthopedic surgery. They were allocated randomly to three groups. The first two groups received remifentanil either with a high (8 ng mL(-1)) or a low (3 ng mL(-1) target concentration using target-controlled infusion (TCI). The third group received spinal anesthesia instead of remifentanil. Anesthesia was induced by a stepwise increase in propofol concentration using TCI. The auditory evoked potential index (AEPex) and calculated propofol effect site concentrations were determined at loss of consciousness and the reaction to laryngeal mask airway insertion was noted. The propofol infusion was then converted to a closed-loop TCI using an AEPex value of 40 as the target. We found no significant contribution of remifentanil alone on the auditory evoked response, whereas increasing concentrations of remifentanil led to a significant decrease of the calculated propofol effect site concentrations (P = 0.023) necessary for unconsciousness. Prediction probability for AEPex was inversely related to the remifentanil concentration and was best for the control group, which received propofol alone. These results support previous findings of a quantitative interaction between remifentanil and propofol for loss of consciousness but question the specific contribution of remifentanil to auditory evoked potentials.     

The use of remifentanil to facilitate the insertion of the laryngeal mask airway

Propofol is often used as an IV induction drug for anesthesia and the insertion of a laryngeal mask airway (LMA). As a sole anesthetic, it may be associated with undesirable airway responses such as coughing and gagging. We conducted a randomized, double-blinded study to compare the conditions during insertion of the LMA in 120 patients who received normal saline (Group P), remifentanil 0.25 microg/kg (Group R1), or remifentanil 0.5 microg/kg (Group R2) before the induction of anesthesia with IV propofol. The addition of remifentanil significantly improved the conditions of insertion; in Group R1, 82.5% (33 of 40 patients), and in Group R2, 85.0% (34 of 40 patients) had excellent insertion conditions as compared with the Control group P, 32.5% (13 of 40 patients). Patients in Group P were apneic for a mean (SD) time of 85 (38) s, 186 (75) s in group R1, and 284 (130) s in group R2. There was a lesser decrease in mean arterial blood pressure in group R1. We conclude that remifentanil 0.25 microg/kg, when administered after IV propofol 2.5 mg/kg, provides excellent conditions for insertion of the LMA with minimal hemodynamic disturbances. IMPLICATIONS: Small-dose remifentanil can provide excellent conditions for laryngeal mask airway insertion with minimal hemodynamic disturbances.     

Effect-site concentration of remifentanil for laryngeal mask airway insertion during target-controlled infusion of propofol

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect-site concentration of remifentanil that would provide optimal conditions for successful laryngeal mask airway insertion during a target-controlled infusion (TCI) of propofol at 3.5 μg.ml⁻¹ without the use of neuromuscular blockade. Five minutes after propofol infusion, remifentanil was infused at a dose determined by a modified Dixon's up-and-down method. Five minutes after remifentanil infusion, the laryngeal mask was inserted. The effect-site concentration of remifentanil for successful laryngeal mask insertion in 50% of adults (EC₅₀) was 3.04 (SD 0.49) ng.ml⁻¹ during a TCI of 3.5 μg.ml⁻¹ propofol without neuromuscular blockade. From the probit analysis, the EC₅₀ and EC₉₅ of remifentanil were 2.84 ng.ml⁻¹ (95% CI 2.09–3.57 ng.ml⁻¹) and 3.79 ng.ml⁻¹ (95% CI 3.26–9.25 ng.ml⁻¹), respectively.     

瑞芬太尼、芬太尼对过度肥胖患者麻醉效果及麻醉复苏质量的影响

目的 探讨芬太尼和瑞芬太尼对于肥胖患者全身麻醉效果及复苏的影响,探索联合应用两种药物的可行性,并找到较为可行的联合方式.方法 按随机区组设计将实施全身麻醉的肥胖患者分为4组,每组20例,分别是芬太尼组(F组),瑞芬太尼组(R组),芬太尼复合瑞芬太尼l组(RF1组)和芬太尼复合瑞芬太尼2组(RF2组),比较4组患者的全身...     

Remifentanil vs fentanyl with a target controlled propofol infusion in patients undergoing craniotomy for supratentorial lesions

AIM: Remifentanil hydrochloride is an ultra-short acting m-opioid receptor agonist. This study compared the use of remifentanil with that of fentanyl during elective supratentorial craniotomy in a target controlled infusion (TCI)-propofol anesthesia regimen and evaluated the quality of recovery from anesthesia. METHODS: After written informed consent for this prospective study, 40 adult patients were randomly divided into 2 groups: in group F analgesia was provided with fentanyl 2-3 mg kg(-1) h(-1) and in group R with remifentanil 0.25 mg kg(-1) h(-1). Anesthesia was induced with thiopental and pancuronium bromide, and maintained with propofol-TCI, pancuronium, air and oxygen and fentanyl (group F) or remifentanil (group R), respectively. After tracheal intubation, infusion rate of remifentanil was reduced and then adjusted to maintain stable hemodynamics. Hemodynamics and recovery time were monitored for 60 min after surgery. Analgesic requirements, propofol intraoperative consumption, nausea and vomiting in postoperative period were monitored. Recovery was evaluated according to a modified Aldrete score. RESULTS: Baseline hemodynamics were similar in both groups. Mean arterial pressure differed between the 2 groups (P<0.05) with the greatest decrease in group R during dura opening (P<0.001). Postoperative mean arterial pressure was higher in group R. Patients in group R exhibited a faster recovery. The incidence of nausea and vomiting was similar in the 2 groups. Noteworthy, there was a reduction in the amount of propofol used in group R. CONCLUSIONS: Remifentanil appears to be a reasonable alternative to fentanyl during elective surgery of supratentorial lesions.     

喉罩用于隆胸手术患者气道管理的效果

[摘要]目的观察喉罩通气全凭静脉麻醉用于隆胸术的临床效果。方法选择ASAI～Ⅱ级女性隆胸手术患者40例,年龄23—42岁;体重45—67kg;随机分为气管内插管组（A组,n=20）与喉罩组（B组,n=20）两组,A组静脉注射芬太尼0．2mg、丙泊酚2．0—2．5mg／kg、阿曲库铵0．15mg／kg诱导,插入气管导管;B组静脉注射芬太尼0．1mg、丙泊酚2．0～2．5mg／kg诱导,插入普通型喉罩,两组均接麻醉机行IPPV模式控制呼吸,两组均以微量泵持续泵入丙泊酚6～9tLg／（kg·min）,瑞芬太尼0．1—0．15μg/（kg·min）维持麻醉,A组间断静脉注射阿曲库铵,手术结束前10min停止用药,待受术者呼之能应,呼吸良好时拔除气管导管或喉罩。观察记录两组患者气管内插管和喉罩置入时间及置人情况、监测病人麻醉前（11D）、插管（插喉罩）后即刻（T1）、分离胸部肌肉时（他）、植入假体时（T3）、喉罩和气管导管拔除后即刻（T4）时的MAP、HR及SpO：的变化、通气状态以及操作时及术后的相关不良反应。结果A组1次成功完成气管内插管率与B组1次成功置入喉罩率无显著性差异（P〉0．05）;A组诱导时芬太尼用量显著多于B组（P〈0．05）;A组气管内插管后即刻（T1）以及拔管后即刻（rr4）的MAP及HR较诱导前显著升高（P〈0．05）,分离胸部肌肉时（T2）与植入假体时（T3）SBP、DBP、MAP和HR值均低于麻醉前,而B组T1、T2、T3时均较诱导前低（P〈0．05）;T4与诱导前相比无明显差异（P〉0．05）。A组插管时发生口腔粘膜出血及术后发生咽喉疼痛及呛咳的患者明显多于B组（P〈0．05）。结论与气管内插管全麻相比,喉罩通气全凭静脉麻醉施行隆胸手术,麻醉效果更满意、循环更稳定、并发症更少,术后恢复更舒适。