稻曲菌交配型初探

 稻曲菌（有性态：Villosiclava virens;无性态：Ustilaginoidea virens）有性繁殖产生的子囊孢子是水稻稻曲病可能的初侵染源之一,交配型基因座对真菌有性繁殖中的性别控制起着决定性作用。为进一步揭示稻曲菌的有性繁殖方式,本研究首次克隆了稻曲菌交配型基因mat1-1-1的α-结构域（α-domain）相应核苷酸序列,发现其与麦角菌科真菌Cordyceps militaris、Cor. bassiana和Claviceps purpurea的mat1-1-1基因中α-结构域相应核苷酸序列同源性分别为61%、63%和68%;根据mat1-1-1和mat1-2-1部分基因序列设计特异性引物,并使用PCR方法检测了来源于3个异源子座的240个子囊孢子单孢菌株和50个田间菌株的交配型基因,结果显示稻曲菌mat1-1-1和mat1-2-1基因分别存在于不同菌株中;将具有相同或不同交配型基因的菌株配对接种,发现菌核通常产生在mat1-1-1和mat1-2-1基因型菌株配对接种产生的稻曲球上,其中大部分菌核可萌发产生子座,而菌株单独接种或具有相同交配型基因的菌株配对接种水稻后多数不能形成菌核;根据以上结果初步推断稻曲菌为异宗配合真菌。     

不同交配型球孢白僵菌在玉米植株中的定殖及其交配型基因变异比较研究

本文通过分析两种不同交配型球孢白僵菌菌株(MAT1-1-1,I型;MAT1-2-1,II型)在玉米植株中的定殖效率和回收菌株交配型基因序列的变异,拟揭示球孢白僵菌在玉米植株内生定殖过程中玉米对不同交配型菌株的选择规律、不同交配型菌株对环境的适应性能力。试验分为4个接种组,接种菌株为I型交配型菌株(Bb OFDH1-5)(处理B5)、II型交配型菌株(Bb DPSD2)(处理B2)、两个菌株等量混合(处理B5+B2)、对照组(处理CK),处理组B5、B2、B5+B2接种孢子浓度均为108孢子/m L,对照组接种量为零。结果表明,处理B5、B2、B5+B2三组中均有球孢白僵菌在玉米叶片中定殖,其中,交配型II菌株处理组B2中内生定殖效率高,检测率为33.00%;混合处理组B5+B2中交配型II菌株比I型菌株回收比率高,回收比为12:10。交配型基因序列分析显示,交配型I菌株处理组B5和混合处理组B5+B2的回收菌株中I型交配型基因非编码区序列出现多个位点突变,编码区仅在3个位点出现突变;交配型II菌株处理组B2和混合处理组B5+B2中II型交配型基因序列均没有发生变异。以上结论说明球孢白僵菌在玉米植株定殖过程中,交配型II菌株Bb DPSD2定殖率较I型菌株Bb OFDH1-5高;玉米植株更倾向于选择II型交配型菌株作为内生菌株;交配型基因MAT1-1-1比MAT1-2-1更易发生突变表明I型菌株对自然环境的适应性更强。     

玉米大斑病菌两性交配型菌株的出现频率及其育性分析

玉米大斑病菌属于异宗配合真菌,在自然界中存在A、a交配型菌株和Aa两性交配型菌株,为明确两性菌株的出现频率及其对有性生殖的影响,采用有性态诱导和交配型PCR鉴定的方法,对2011—2014年采集的野生菌株及室内诱导产生的有性杂交后代F1、F2代进行交配型组成鉴定,通过检测两性菌株子囊壳和子囊孢子的发育情况明确其有性生殖能力,结合RT-PCR技术对有性生殖过程中MAT1和MAT2基因的表达情况进行分析。结果表明,野生菌株和有性杂交后代中均存在两性交配型菌株,且出现频率相当,介于2.09%和6.25%之间;Aa两性菌株的育性与杂交时对应菌株的交配型组成相关,两性菌株与A交配型菌株或a交配型菌株杂交均可育,能产生成熟的子囊壳和子囊孢子,但其自交时败育,只产生子囊壳,不产生子囊孢子。两性菌株Aa自交和两性菌株Aa与A交配型或与a交配型菌株杂交时,Aa菌株中MAT1和MAT2基因表达量无明显差异,推测MAT基因在有性生殖产生子囊壳的过程中发挥了重要作用。     

小麦白粉病菌有性生殖与自然群体交配型检测

 本研究根据MAT1-1-1(GenBank登录号HQ171902)和MAT1-2-1(GenBank登录号HQ171899)的部分基因序列设计和筛选其特异性引物,使用PCR方法对2012年度采自四川、陕西、云南、贵州、河南、安徽、江苏、河北、山东和甘肃10个省30个采集地点共516个小麦白粉病菌菌株的交配型基因进行检测。结果显示30个采集地点两种交配型基因都能检测到,其中28个采集地的两种交配型菌株比例(MAT1-1-1 :MAT1-2-1)符合1:1。选择具不同交配型基因的小麦白粉病菌株配对接种,16个随机杂交组合都能产生闭囊壳。对获得的闭囊壳进行子囊孢子释放,均可获得子囊孢子。该研究结果为深入研究有性生殖对小麦白粉病菌株毒性多样性的作用奠定了基础。     

蝉棒束孢交配型基因的分析和检测

蝉棒束孢Isaria cicadae为药用真菌蝉花的无性型,在防治同翅目害虫上具有重要作用。在自然状态下蝉棒束孢多以孢梗束状态存在,其子实体阶段极为少见。交配系统是真菌有性生殖过程中的决定因素,因此可从交配型的角度探究蝉棒束孢有性子实体稀少的原因。本研究运用RACE技术首次从蝉棒束孢中克隆出MAT1-1-1与MAT1-2-1全长cDNA序列,并进行生物信息学分析。根据cDNA序列设计并优化得到蝉棒束孢交配型鉴定引物,并对采集自安徽地区40株蝉棒束孢交配型进行鉴定,结果表明交配型MAT1-1菌株14株、MAT1-2菌株26株,并没有检测到同时含有两种交配型或两种交配型全部缺失的现象,因此蝉棒束孢有性型子实体几无发生的现象并不完全归因于交配型因素。     

云南省稻瘟病菌的有性世代研究初报

为了解云南省稻瘟病菌有性世代的形成状况,用云南省14个地区采集的约300个稻瘟病菌株和分离自龙爪稷上的A.a交配型标准菌株,在燕麦片培养基上作了交配。交配结果是:西双版纳州、曲靖地区的分离菌中A,a两交配型菌都有;楚雄州、大理州的分离菌中仅有A交配型菌:昆明、保山、玉溪、文山、昭通、迪庆、临沧及怒江等地的分离菌中仅有a交配型菌,红河州和丽江地区的分离菌都末形成子囊孢子,无法确定其交配型。此外,曲靖地区龙爪稷上分离10个梨孢属菌株及日本茨城县糠稷上分离的7个梨孢属菌株,分别与上述标准菌株、云南省稻瘟病菌株、日本秋田县稻瘟病菌株作了交配,都末形成有性世代。     

白僵菌菌株的紫外线诱变选育

从自然罹病的桃小食心虫和蛴螬僵尸上分离到产孢量较高的球孢白僵菌菌株46-1和卵孢白僵菌菌株4号,经紫外线照射处理,获得2个球孢白僵菌菌株23号和53号、1个卵孢白僵菌菌株45号,它们的产孢量和毒力稳定高于亲本,而且生产性状和田间防治应用效果良好。     

白僵菌培养基继代培养对蛋白酶（cdep1）、几丁质酶（chit1）基因表达的影响

[目的]对球孢白僵菌D6-2和L1-1菌株进行室内培养基继代培养,比较其不同世代之间毒力及毒力相关基因表达之间的差异.[方法]对目的菌株进行室内生物测定,用LT50和LT90作为毒力评价标准来检测不同世代之间毒力的变化情况.为了明确继代培养对球孢白僵菌毒力相关酶基因表达情况的影响,以18S rDNA基因为内参,利用半定量RT-PCR对蛋白酶cdep1基因和几丁质酶chit1基因的表达情况进行检测.[结果]在107孢子/mL供试浓度下,随着世代的更替,两个供试菌株F2代相比于F1代,其LT50和LT90降低,说明其对玉米螟的毒力有所增强.而两个供试菌株F2～F5代对玉米螟的毒力呈下降趋势.在内参基因稳定表达的情况下,两个供试菌株L1-1和D62的cdep1基因和chit1基因在F1和F2代表达稳定,随着继代次数的增多,供试菌株两个基因的表达量均呈下降趋势,这与对亚洲玉米螟毒力测试的结果呈正相关性.[结论]F2代毒力和毒力酶基因表达最强,F1代与F2代基本相似或略低于F2代,F2～F5代毒力和毒力酶基因表达依次减弱.     

球孢白僵菌经不同基质继代移殖后对松墨天牛毒力的变化

以筛选得到的分离自松墨天牛的球孢白僵菌高毒力菌株B5、Bxs、低毒力菌株B11和分离自松毛虫的球孢白僵菌低毒力菌株BZ为出发菌株,记为B0。通过连续接种松墨天牛幼虫分别获得H1、H2、H3、H4;连续在PPDA培养基上继代移殖,分别获得R1、R2、R3和R4,对各原始菌株与继代移殖菌株分别进行毒力测定。结果表明：高毒力菌株B5、Bxs与低毒力菌株B11、BZ在PPDA培养基上继代移殖,各菌株毒力均逐代下降,原始菌株、各继代移殖菌株彼此间的LT50差异显著。分离自松墨天牛的B5、Bxs、B11菌株通过松墨天牛幼虫继代移殖后毒力逐代提高,逐代之间的LT50差异显著;但来源于松毛虫的Bz菌株逐代之间的LT50差异不显著,这可能跟球孢白僵菌对寄主的专化性有关。     

粤、桂、苏、皖四省稻瘟病菌有性态的研究

应用国际稻瘟病菌标准交配型菌株KA3和THl6对2000年从广东、广西、江苏和安徽4省采集的145个稻瘟病菌菌株的育性和交配型测定结果表明,广东、广西和安徽3省稻瘟病菌群体中存在着Matl.1和Matl.2两种交配型,江苏省的23个可交配菌株均为Matl.1。各省间稻瘟病菌群体的可交配率差异不大,总的可交配率为48.3%。有9个菌株与标准菌株交配产生了子囊孢子,可育率为6.2%。检测到2个两性菌株,不同地区稻瘟病菌群体雌雄性别的比例有显著性差异。用不同交配型的可育菌株进行互交,14个组合中只有1个组合产生子囊壳,但没有形成成熟的子囊孢子。     

Mating system complexity and cryptic speciation in the seed bank pathogen Pyrenophora semeniperda

Mating strategies contributing to a balance between inbreeding and outcrossing are understudied in all but a few model fungal pathogens. This study examined factors that influence the occurrence of the sexual state of Pyrenophora semeniperda. It was consistently found to have functional copies of the MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 idiomorphs essential for sexual reproduction, despite considerable polymorphism in both single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and number of 18-base minisatellite repeats. The two idiomorphs occurred at approximately equal frequencies across 25 populations on Bromus tectorum seeds in the western United States, suggesting maintenance of sexual reproduction. The putative mating system is described as facultative pseudohomothallism, with only one of the two MAT1 idiomorphs found in a nucleus. Unikaryotic strains of opposite mating type can potentially mate, as can nuclei of opposite mating type in a thallus that results from anastomosis between vegetatively compatible unikaryotic strains. Strains shown to be dikaryotic using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers may contain either or both MAT1 idiomorphs. Most populations consist of a mixture of MAT1-1, MAT1-2 and MAT1-1/MAT1-2 genotypes. A possible constraint on recombination is the presence of multiple strain groups characterized by ITS haplotype. These are apparently vegetatively incompatible, as even dikaryotic strains are invariably composed of a single ITS haplotype. Different ITS haplotypes also have unique combinations of MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 allelic variants, suggesting that perhaps these strain groups are also sexually incompatible. Phylogenetic analysis using both genome-wide SNP/indel polymorphisms and SSR markers demonstrated genetic divergence among ITS haplotypes, supporting the hypothesis that these strain groups may represent cryptic species.     

Identification of pathogenic fungi and preliminary screening for resistance in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Jatropha curcas</Emphasis> L. germplasm

Sexual reproduction in fungi is controlled by mating type genes, which are located at the MAT locus. In this study, we investigated the structure of this locus in the phytopathogenic fungus Phyllosticta citricarpa, the causal agent of citrus black spot disease. Despite intensive study, its sexual state has never been observed in single-spore culture. Through analysis of the genome sequences of two individual P. citricarpa isolates, the sequence of the DNA lyase gene was identified and, as previously reported in the literature, the mating type genes were located in the 3′ flanking region of this gene. The results suggested that P. citricarpa is heterothallic, owing to the exclusive presence of the MAT1–1 or MAT1–2 gene in individual strains. In order to characterize the MAT locus, we designed primers to amplify this region. P. citricarpa was found to have complete and apparently functional copies of MAT genes, containing α-1 and HMG domains, present in different isolates. In addition to MAT1–2-1 and MAT1–1-1 genes, the MAT1–1-4 gene was located in the 5′ flanking region of the MAT1–1-1 gene and the MAT1–2-5 gene was located in 5′ flanking region of the MAT1–2-1 gene. A multiplex PCR protocol was also developed to differentiate P. citricarpa idiomorphs, which can be used in distribution and incidence studies of mating type strains, in order to determine the occurrence of sexual reproduction and to facility crossing studies. Furthermore, in Brazil, the two idiomorphs occur in a 1:1 ratio, which is expected in sexually reproducing populations.     

一株侵染柑橘木虱的球孢白僵菌的分离及鉴定

从柑橘木虱虫体分离得到一株具有强致病性的虫生真菌GZMS-28,本文测定了该菌株对柑橘木虱的致病性,并分析了其rDNA ITS基因序列。试验结果表明,该菌株对柑橘木虱具有较强的致病性,浓度为1.0×108个/mL的分生孢子悬浮液处理柑橘木虱成虫7d后,其校正死亡率达到95.7%。菌株GZMS-28的培养特征与白僵菌属球孢白僵菌较为一致,其rDNA ITS序列与GenBank中白僵菌属多个球孢白僵菌菌株的对应序列相似性达到99%以上,因此将菌株GZMS-28鉴定为球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana。     

稻曲病菌交配型基因MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8的特性分析

 有性生殖在真菌的生活史和进化过程中具有重要作用,而交配型基因是控制有性生殖的关键因子。前期研究发现稻曲病菌(Villosiclava virens)MAT1-2型菌株中包含MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8两个交配型基因,但是它们如何调控稻曲病菌有性生殖依然不清楚。本文研究了它们在不同侵染和生长发育时期的表达模式和编码的蛋白结构特性。研究表明MAT1-2-1在侵染不同阶段一直下调表达;而MAT1-2-8在侵染早期(5 dpi)上调表达,在侵染后期下调表达。与营养菌丝阶段比较,MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8在有性发育过程菌核形成、菌核萌发、子座原基形成和子座成熟4个阶段的表达量都是下降的,在菌核形成阶段表达量最低。生物信息学分析显示MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8具有磷酸化位点,为非分泌蛋白,无明显的跨膜结构域。蛋白同源比对分析表明MAT1-2-1与香柱菌(Epichloë typhina)的MAT1-2-1同源性最高,而MAT1-2-8与绿僵菌(Metarhizium)的MBR_08192蛋白同源性最高。进一步研究发现MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8能够互作,并分别主要定位在细胞核和细胞基质中。通过质谱技术鉴定到MAT1-2-1的一些候选互作蛋白,如假定Ran交换因子Prp20/Pim1(KDB12229.1)、假定rRNA处理蛋白Ebp2(KDB12923.1)及组蛋白H1(KDB12711.1)等。因此,以上结果为研究稻曲病菌交配型基因MAT1-2-1和MAT1-2-8调控有性生殖的生物学功能奠定了基础。     

Mating Behaviour and Vegetative Compatibility in Spanish Populations of Botryotinia fuckeliana

Mating behaviour and vegetative compatibility were studied in Spanish populations of Botryotinia fuckeliana. Fifty-seven isolates out of the 61 tested were sexually fertile with one or more of the reference strains of known mating type (MAT1-1 or MAT1-2). Thirty-nine isolates were heterothallic, giving fertile crosses when mated with the MAT1-1 (24 isolates) or the MAT1-2 (15 isolates) reference strain. Eighteen isolates crossed successfully with both MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 reference strains, and were referred to as homothallic or MAT1-1/2. Both mating types were widespread, being represented in isolates from two regions, from the same and different greenhouses, from different hosts, and from different years of isolation. Isolates were paired on Malt Extract Agar + NaCl to evaluate vegetative compatibility. Most of the paired isolates were unable to fuse and showed a different reaction of incompatibility. Nitrate-non-utilising (nit) mutants were selected by growth on a medium amended with 30–50gl^–1 potassium chlorate. Over 600 chlorate-resistant sectors were recovered from 40 isolates at a mean frequency of 0.15–2.39 sectors per colony, but only 11% were identified as nit mutants by their thin growth with no aerial mycelium on minimal medium. However, most of these nit mutants reverted to wild type during six months of storage on chlorate-amended medium. Genetic complementation between nit mutants occurred only in two cases between mutants from the same isolate.     

七种化学杀虫剂与球孢白僵菌TST05菌株的相容性研究

本文测定了7种常用化学杀虫剂高效氯氰菊酯、高氯甲维盐、辛硫磷、高效氯氟氰菊酯、阿维菌素、阿维杀虫单、虫酰肼对球孢白僵菌TST05菌株菌丝生长及孢子萌发、生长及产孢的影响,以研究化学药剂与球孢白僵菌TST05菌株的相容性,为化学杀虫剂和白僵菌制剂混合应用提供依据.结果表明,在田间常用浓度下,7种杀虫剂对该菌株的菌丝生长抑制率为27.93％～38.74％.虫酰肼组的孢子萌发率为33.19％,几乎不形成菌落,产孢量仅为0.05×106个/mL;而其余6种杀虫剂组的孢子萌发率为50.34％～70.62％,能形成较致密的菌落,产孢量为(2.51～3.58)×106个/mL.杀虫剂对该菌株的抑制作用随着浓度的降低而减小,田间浓度再稀释5倍后,各处理组孢子萌发率升高到72.08％～84.92％;产孢量为(3.01～9.61)×106个/mL.在田间浓度下,虫酰肼与该菌株不相容;其余6种杀虫剂的相客性较好.并且相客性随着杀虫剂浓度的降低而提高.     

Mating type gene MAT1-2-1 is common among Japanese isolates of Verticillium dahliae

Mating type genes of Verticillium dahliae, a wilt pathogen affecting many plant species, were identified to examine sexual recombination between Japanese pathotypes. We amplified a DNA sequence encoding high mobility group (HMG) box from V. dahliae using PCR. A cloned genomic DNA fragment included a sequence homologous to MAT1-2-1 gene. Despite that sequence's presence in all V. dahliae isolates we used, MAT1-1-1 (an opposite mating type gene) was never amplified. We concluded that V. dahliae is potentially heterothallic. Furthermore, sexual bias practically obviates sexual recombination between Japanese pathotypes. This report describes, for the first time, a mating type gene of phytopathogenic Verticillium.     

几丁质酶基因在球孢白僵菌中的超表达提高其对马尾松毛虫的毒力

几丁质酶在虫生真菌穿透寄主体壁的过程中起一定作用,但其与真菌毒力的关系尚不清楚。本研究通过几丁质酶基因在球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana中的超表达以及超表达菌株的毒力变化研究了该基因与毒力的关系。将几丁质酶基因Bbchit1通过芽生孢子转入野生型球孢白僵菌中,获得多拷贝的转化子;转化菌株在胶体几丁质诱导培养基中酶活最大值高于出发株4.2倍,表明该几丁质酶基因在转化菌株中得到超表达。毒力测定发现转化子对马尾松毛虫Dendrolimus punctatus的致死中浓度比出发株降低84.5%,在2.5×107孢子/ml浓度下的致死中量减少84.5%,致死中时缩短0.7d,因此毒力大大提高。第2~9d感病死虫数与转化子第1~8d酶活呈极显著正相关（P〈0.01）,而与出发株不相关（P〉0.05）。这些证据表明,几丁质酶与毒力的关系是复杂的,在分泌达到一定阈值后与毒力才有明显的相关关系。