犬双侧迷走神经干切断术对Oddi括约肌肌电的影响

目的研究双侧迷走神经干切断术对Oddi括约肌(SO)肌电的影响。方法禁食16~18h(可自由饮水),成年杂种犬麻醉后,实验组行膈肌水平双侧迷走神经干切断术加幽门成形术,对照组仅行幽门成形术。手术后8周行SO肌电记录(SOE)。结果实验组慢波幅度明显升高,快波未观察到显著性变化。结论双侧迷走神经干切断术对SO肌电产生明显影响。     

犬双侧迷走神经干切断术对Oddi括约肌肌电的影响

目的 研究双侧迷走神经干切断术对Oddi括约肌（SO）肌电的影响。方法 禁食16～18h（可自由饮水），成年杂种犬麻醉后，实验组行膈肌水平双侧迷走神经干切断术加幽门成形术，对照组仅行幽门成形术。手术后8周行SO肌电记录（SOE）。结果 实验组慢波幅度明显升高，快波未观察到显著性变化。结论 双侧迷走神经干切断术对SO肌电产生明显影响。     

犬胆囊、Oddi括约肌电活动和胆囊胆总管压力的同步检测

目的探讨同步检测犬胆囊、Oddi括约肌肌电和胆囊、胆总管压力的实验方法。方法采用多通道生理仪同步记录麻醉后犬的胆囊和Oddi括约肌的肌电图以及胆囊、胆总管压力。剖腹显示肝、胆、胃及十二指肠,用7F静脉深穿管经肝穿刺进入胆囊腔内作为测压通道,再将一对铂金电极缝在胆囊底部浆膜上。把另一条7F静脉深穿管制作成带一对铂金电极的胆总管测压和Oddi括约肌肌电检测通道。结果Oddi括约肌峰电位为0．18～0．20mV,频率为2～5次／min;其慢波电位0．06～0．08mV,频率为8～10次／min,峰电位往往在某次慢波电位的基础上突然出现。胆囊肌电不明显。胆囊的压力为7～9cmH2O,胆总管压力为11～15cmH2O。结论同步检测Oddi括约肌肌电活动与胆囊、胆总管压力的实验方法是可行的,有利于研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动与胆囊及胆总管压力的关系,但是对于记录在体胆囊的肌电活动方法需要进一步改进。     

Oddi括约肌肌电活动的基本方式

目的 探讨家兔Oddi括约肌(sphincter of Oddi,SO)肌电活动的基本方式及其生物学意义.方法 32只家兔随机分为4组.第1组(n=8)为空腹组;第2组(n=8)为进食组,空腹18 h后经胃造瘘管注入50 ml牛奶;第3组(n=8)为Nardi test激发实验组,静脉注射1 mg吗啡和1 mg新斯的明;第4组(n=8)为神经阻断组,记录空腹家兔肌电活动30 min后静脉给予山莨菪硷1 mg;两对钩状双极金属电极通过浆膜层分别置于SO及十二指肠,使用RM6240多道生理信号采集处理系统同时记录每一组家兔SO及十二指肠肌电活动,连续记录SO肌电活动120～150 min.结果 空腹状态下家兔SO肌电表现为规律的、单发性的SPSO;进食后家兔SO肌电活动表现为规律的、间断的MASO;Nardi test激发实验后SO肌电活动表现为数个长时间、不间断的SPSO组成的肌电串;阻断神经节后胆碱能神经元后SO肌电活动规律随即消失,120 min后SPSO逐渐恢复到空腹状态.结论 家兔SO肌电活动存在4种基本形式,即空腹状态下SO保持一定基础紧张性的基本张力波;进食后SO开始蠕动将胆汁排入十二指肠的蠕动波;Nardi test激发实验后SO处于持续关闭状态的痉挛波;阻断胆碱能神经元后SO处于松弛状态的舒张波.提示SO并非仅仅存在"非开即闭"两种形式.这对今后有关SO基础研究和临床治疗均具有理论指导意义.     

同步检测胆囊及Oddi氏括约肌电活动和胆管压力的兔模型

目的 建立同步检测胆囊及Oddi括约肌肌电活动及胆囊、胆总管压力的动物模型.方法 对6只家兔用7F静脉深穿管分别经肝穿刺进入胆囊腔及经十二指肠腔插入胆总管.将铂金电极缝在胆囊底部浆膜上.以多通道生理仪记录家兔的胆囊及Oddi括约肌肌电信号和胆囊、胆总管压力.结果 Oddi氏括约肌肌电的峰电位＞0.05 mV,最大电位为0.26 mV,频率为0～2次/分;而慢波电位≤0.05 mV,频率为8⒍11次/分.胆囊内压力最大为15 cm H2O(6.83～15.00 cm H2O),胆总管最大压力为22 cm H2O(11～22 cm H2O).胆囊肌电活动的波形缺乏规律性.结论 兔可以作为同步检测胆囊及Oddi氏括约肌肌电活动和胆囊、胆总管压力的模型.     

红霉素在消化道不同节段的促动力作用研究

本文报告对８条犬在空腹和饱膜状态行小肠肌电记录。结果发现在空腹时，红霉素打断了十二指肠和空肠的正常传播性肌电综合波，代之以不规则的高耸肌电波形。其快波数分别为８１２和３３６增加到２０５２（Ｐ〈０．０１）和７６３（Ｐ〈０．０５），而回肠快速数未见明显增加，饱腹状况同空腹，静注红霉素后十二指肠和空肠空腹波形为高耸机电收缩波形取代，快波数分别从５６５和２４１增加至２０２２（Ｐ〈０．０１）和７６３（Ｐ〈０     

Oddi括约肌肌电活动实验模型的建立

目的建立研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的动物模型和实验方法。方法将双极金属钩状电极通过浆膜层置入Oddi括约肌，记录不同条件干预下家兔的Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号，调整电生理实验参数并经放大、滤波及计算机处理后，对其大小、波形、幅度进行分析。结果不同条件干预下的家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动在波形、频率、幅度等方面均有明显的不同，具有明显的规律性。重复实验可得到相似的结果。结论使用双极金属钩状电极配以合理的电生理实验参数调整可以稳定地采集到在体的家兔Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号。这为今后广泛、深入地研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动搭建了一个技术平台。     

黏膜接触电极在家兔Oddi括约肌肌电测量中的应用价值

目的 探讨适合Oddi括约肌（sphincter of Oddi,SO）肌电测量的新方法.方法 两组各15只家兔分别用黏膜接触电极（contact electrode on mucosa,CEM）和浆膜钩状电极（chorion claw electrode,CCE）测量SO肌电活动;另外6只家兔同时使用两种电极同步测量.结果 CEM测量SO肌电成功率高,创伤小,而且记录到的家兔SO肌电波形和CCE相比没有明显的差别.结论 CEM是一种很有价值的测量SO肌电活动的新方法,将来可能用于人体SO功能的研究,为人体内镜诊断SO功能提供了一个新方法.     

研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验动物模型的建立

目的探讨将家兔用于研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动的实验动物模型的可行性和稳定性。方法对不同条件下的家兔采用双极金属钩状电极采集其肌电活动信号，经放大、滤波及计算机处理后记录其大小及波形。结果不同条件下的家兔Oddi括约肌的肌电活动在波形、频率、强度等方面均有明显的不同，具有明显的规律性。重复实验可得到相同的结论。结论家兔是研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动较为理想的动物，具有价格低廉、来源广泛、信号稳定等优点。使用双极金属钩状电极可以稳定地采集到在体的Oddi括约肌肌电活动信号，这为今后广泛、深入地研究Oddi括约肌肌电活动搭建了一个技术平台。     

豚鼠不全性胆道梗阻早期Oddi括约肌功能的变化

目的:观察豚鼠胆道不全性梗阻后早期Oddi括约肌(SO)肌电活动及压力的变化。方法:16只英国短毛豚鼠随机均分假手术组与模型组,分别行假手术与制作胆总管不全性梗阻模型,期间测定胆总管直径;术后1周,再次检测两组胆总管直径、肝功能指标、SO肌电活动与动力学指标。结果:术后假手术组胆总管直径无明显改变(P0.05),而模型组较术前明显增大(P0.05)。与假手术组比较,模型组血清胆红素、肝酶水平明显升高(均P0.05);SO快波幅度和慢波振幅显著降低(均P0.05),但快波和慢波频率无统计学差异(均P0.05);SO基础压明显升高,但SO峰压明显降低(均P0.05),而SO收缩频率无统计学差异(P0.05)。结论:不全性胆总管梗阻可使豚鼠SO快、慢波振幅降低,SO基础压升高、收缩峰压降低,这可能是胆道不全性梗阻时易诱发急性胆源性胰腺炎的重要机制之一。     

A new method for correlating pancreatic and biliary duct pressures and sphincter of Oddi electromyography

Myoelectric activity of the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum was correlated with pancreatic and biliary duct pressures in eight opossums, in both the fasted and fed states. Four bipolar electrode pairs were implanted in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. A polyethylene T tube was placed in the pancreatic duct. The common duct was cannulated through a small bile duct. This method allowed pressure recording for several weeks and avoided interference with the flow of bile or pancreatic juice into the duodenum. The frequency of slow waves was the same in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum (19 per minute). The variation in the frequency of spike potentials in the sphincter of Oddi correlated to that of the migrating myoelectric complex in the duodenum. The average frequency of slow waves that have superimposed spike potentials in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum was 3.0 and 0 in phase 1, 4.7, and 6.2 in phase II, 6.1 and 15.1 in phase III, and 3.4 and 6.3 in phase IV, respectively. The average duration of a migrating myoelectric complex cycle was 92 minutes. After feeding, the interdigestive phases of the migrating myoelectric complex were abolished and substituted by a feeding activity pattern that was characterized by an average number of sphincter of Oddi and duodenum spikes of 6.6 and 10.7, respectively. The mean fasting pressure in the pancreatic and biliary duct was 15 and 13 mmHg, respectively. Pressure changes were of two types--synchronous with respiratory movements and with each sphincter of Oddi spike potential. There was no variation in the baseline pressure during the migrating myoelectric complex phases and the fed state. It is concluded that the sphincter of Oddi of the fasting opossum exhibits cyclic changes in the number of spike potentials that correlate with the migrating myoelectric complex in the duodenum. However, the number and amplitude of spike potentials are different in the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. There is no change in the baseline pressure during fasting and feeding states, and a temporary pressure elevation synchronic with each sphincter of Oddi spike potential was observed.     

Postprandial sphincter of Oddi myoelectric activity and gallbladder emptying

Feeding initiates gallbladder emptying and bile delivery into the duodenum. It is not yet defined how the sphincter of Oddi regulates flow of bile into the duodenum during gallbladder emptying. The aim of this study was to assess postprandial spike burst activity in the sphincter of Oddi, while quantitating gallbladder emptying with noninvasive radioisotope imaging. Six adult opossums were prepared with bipolar electrodes in the sphincter of Oddi. After 2 weeks of recovery the animals were fasted overnight and positioned under a gamma camera, and myoelectric recordings were begun. After two cycles of the migrating motor complex (MMC), 2 mCi 99Tc-HIDA was infused intravenously and permitted to concentrate in the gallbladder for a period of 30 min. Subsequently, a 30-ml liquid meal, containing 0.9 g protein, 3.5 g carbohydrate, and 3.3 g fat, was instilled into the stomach. Sphincter of Oddi myoelectric activity (spike bursts/min) and gallbladder emptying (expressed as percentage of original 99Tc counts in the gallbladder) were measured at intervals for 120 min following feeding. Feeding resulted in prompt gallbladder emptying. Sphincter of Oddi spike burst activity was not altered significantly in the first 30 min after feeding, suggesting that motor activity in the sphincter of Oddi does not initially influence bile flow. Subsequently, spike burst activity increased progressively, suggesting that sphincter of Oddi motor activity may accelerate bile delivery into the duodenum during later phases of gallbladder emptying.     

十二指肠对奥狄氏括约肌运动的调节

目的 通过观察清醒状态下十二指肠切除后狗奥狄氏括约肌(SO)运动的变化，检验十二指肠对SO运动的调节作用。方法对照组(n=6)于十二指肠乳头对侧植入测量用套管。十二指肠切除组(n=6)保留十二指肠乳头切除十二指肠，将近端空肠(重建十二指肠)与胃吻合，原十二指肠乳头与重建十二指肠行端侧吻合，再于吻合后的十二指肠乳头对侧植入测量用套管。经套管插入测压管，通过压力变化来观测SO及十二指肠运动变化。结果十二指肠切除后，SO周期性运动消失，SO呈持续性强收缩状态。结论十二指肠对消化间期SO运动有重要的调节作用。     

Electrourethrogram: Study of the electric activity of the urethra and its clinical significance

Purpose: Apart from the urethral sphincters, the electric activity of the urethra has not been fully addressed in the literature. We investigated the hypothesis that also the non-sphincteric part of the urethra possesses electric activity which may have clinical significance.Materials and methods: Urethral electric activity was studied in 24 healthy volunteers (mean age 40.6 ±: 13.6 years, 14 women). Two electrodes in women and three in men were applied to the urethral mucosa distal to the striated urethral sphincter. A manometric catheter was placed into the penile urethra in men and distal to the striated sphincter in women.Results: Monophasic negatively deflected slow waves were recorded. Their frequency, amplitude and conduction velocity were identical in the electrodes of the individual subject and were reproducible. The slow waves were followed or superimposed by fast activity spikes or action potentials which occurred randomly and were associated with urethral pressure rise. The pattern of electric activity was stable in the same subject on all test sessions.Conclusions: A normal electrourethrogram could be identified. It consisted of slow waves and action potentials. The waves had a regular rhythm. The action potentials appear to have a motor activity and are suggested to clear the urethra of the residual urine and secretions that may exist in the urethra after micturition. The clinical significance and diagnostic role of the electrourethrogram need to be further investigated.     

Peptide YY inhibits cholecystokinin-stimulated sphincter of Oddi activity in the prairie dog

Peptide YY (PYY), a recently discovered gut peptide, has been shown to have a number of actions that are antagonistic to the effects of cholecystokinin. This study was designed to determine whether PYY would inhibit cholecystokinin-stimulated sphincter of Oddi activity in the prairie dog. In 12 prairie dogs PYY was infused intravenously at 1, 10, and 100 ng/kg/min, and arterial blood samples were obtained. A dose-response curve was obtained, with the 10 ng/kg/min dose producing serum levels of 725 pg/ml. In seven additional prairie dogs a side-hole, pressure-monitored perfusion catheter was passed into the duodenum through a choledochotomy and positioned in the sphincter of Oddi. A perfusion catheter was also placed in the gallbladder fundus. Sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder pressures were recorded before and during 20-minute infusions of cholecystokinin and then cholecystokinin plus PYY at 10 ng/kg/min. PYY significantly inhibited cholecystokinin-stimulated sphincter of Oddi phasic wave frequency (3.8 +/- 0.2 vs 3.3 +/- 0.4; p less than 0.05) and sphincter of Oddi motility index (26.2 +/- 4.3 vs 18.7 +/- 4.8; p less than 0.025) but did not affect the increase in gallbladder pressure induced by cholecystokinin. These findings are consistent with other known anticholecystokinin effects of PYY. We conclude that PYY may also inhibit sphincter of Oddi activity in the prairie dog by an anticholecystokinin effect, thus reducing flow through the sphincter.     

Effect of alcohol on cyclical myoelectric activity of the opossum sphincter of Oddi

Ethyl alcohol may adversely affect pancreatic function by perturbing sphincter of Oddi (SO) or duodenal motor activity. The aim of this study was to identify the effect of ingested alcohol on the SO, duodenal, and gastric myoelectric activity in conscious opossums. In five adult opossums bipolar stranded stainless-steel wire electrodes were implanted on the SO, gastric antrum, and duodenum. After a 2-week recovery period, each animal underwent eight 8-hr recording sessions while fasted and awake. After two fasting cycles of the migrating myoelectric complex, animals were randomly fed either 10 ml of a 30% ethyl alcohol solution or 10 ml of water via an esophageal tube, and recordings continued for 4-6 hr. During the control state, cyclical myoelectric spike activity was recorded from the SO, gastric antrum, and duodenum with a mean +/- SD cycle length of 7.35 +/- 15.0 min, 74.3 +/- 10.1 min, and 94.8 +/- 8.7 min, respectively. With alcohol, SO and duodenal cycle lengths were unchanged while gastric cycle length decreased. However, alcohol effected a significant increase in peak SO spike burst frequency with no corresponding change in gastric or duodenal spike burst frequency. An equivalent volume of water had no influence on sphincter of Oddi myoelectric activity. It is concluded that ingested alcohol induces increased myoelectric activity from the opossum SO, independent of changes in activity of the duodenum or stomach. Since the SO plays a major role in metering bile and pancreatic flow into the duodenum, this may be a factor in alcohol-induced pancreatitis.     

Neuropeptide Y: a candidate neurotransmitter for biliary motility

Neuropeptide Y (NPY) is a recently discovered polypeptide found in neurons throughout the gastrointestinal tract and in especially high concentrations in the biliary tree. This study was designed to test the functional significance of these high concentrations in the biliary tree by determining the effect of intravenous NPY on sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder motility. In adult male prairie dogs a side-hole, pressure-monitored perfusion catheter was placed through a choledochotomy into the duodenum and positioned in the sphincter of Oddi. A perfusion catheter was also placed in the gallbladder fundus. Sphincter of Oddi and gallbladder pressures were recorded before and during intravenous infusions of NPY at doses of 10, 100, and 500 ng/kg/min. Each dose was administered to seven separate animals. No effects were seen at the 10 or 100 ng/kg/min doses. NPY at the 500 ng/kg/min dose significantly increased sphincter of Oddi phasic wave frequency, amplitude, and motility index (MI = F X A). In addition, gallbladder pressure was significantly increased after 20 min of intravenous infusion of NPY at the 500 ng/kg/min dose. No significant changes in blood pressure were noted. These data suggest that in the prairie dog, systemic intravenous infusion of NPY significantly increases sphincter of Oddi phasic wave activity and gallbladder pressure. These findings are similar to those observed with intravenous cholecystokinin but opposite of those seen with peptide YY in this species. We hypothesize that neuropeptide Y may be an important neurotransmitter or neuromodulator regulating bile flow.     

Human fasting and postprandial sphincter of Oddi motility

Sphincter of Oddi motility was evaluated in post-cholecystectomy patients with indwelling T tubes during fasting and after feeding. A triple-lumen catheter was positioned to record from the sphincter of Oddi and duodenum. The sphincter of Oddi was characterized by phasic contractions independent of duodenal contractions. During fasting duodenal wave frequency exhibited four phases, whereas only two phases could be identified from the sphincter of Oddi. A prolonged phase A in the sphincter of Oddi corresponded to duodenal phases I, II and IV. A short phase B in the sphincter of Oddi just preceded the onset of duodenal phase III and was temporally related to it. Sphincter of Oddi basal pressure increased during duodenal phases III and IV. After ingestion of food, sphincter of Oddi basal pressure, wave amplitude and duration decreased, but the frequency remained unchanged. Conversely, duodenal frequency increased but there was no change in amplitude. Thus, the human sphincter of Oddi and duodenum exhibited independent motility demonstrating distinct phases during the interdigestive period. After food, sphincter of Oddi motility altered in a manner which would facilitate the passive flow of fluid into the duodenum.