Physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue

Mast cells are important cells for the innate immunity that reside in tissues including adipose tissue and are involved in various physiological and pathological processes by producing a range of biological mediators. Adipose tissue not only acts as an energy depot and regulator of energy homeostasis that can deposit excess energy and dissipate energy through heat, but also is an active endocrine organ capable of producing hormones and adipokines. The dysfunction of adipose tissue is highly correlated with metabolic disorders, such as obesity, type 2 diabetes mellitus and so on. This review focuses on the physiological and pathological roles of mast cells in adipose tissue.     

Effect of high fat diet on UCP2 mRNA expression in white adipose tissue of SR-A I/II gene knock-out mice

AIM:To observe the relationship between UCP2 mRNA expression in white adipose tissue and diet-induced obesity in SR-A I/II gene knock-out (SR-AⅠ/Ⅱ-/-) mice. METHODS:Fluorescent quantitative RT-PCR was used to detect UCP2 mRNA expression in mice epididymal white adipose tissue. The cellular morphological changes were analyzed by using image analysis. Serum TG, TC and LDL-C concentrations were measured by enzymatic determination. RESULTS:After fed with high fat diet for 12 weeks, average body weight of SR-A I/II-/- mice was much higher than that of wild type (SR-A I/II+/+) control mice (P<0.01), as well as the serum lipid (TG, TC, LDL-C) levels, epididymal fat pad weight, adipocyte area and diameter. UCP2 mRNA expression in white adipose tissue in SR-A I/II-/- mice was significant lower than that in SR-A I/II+/+ control mice (P<0.01). CONCLUSION:Abnormal UCP2 mRNA expression may be associated with SR-A I/II-/- mice susceptive to diet-induced obesity.     

黄伞和滑菇的解剖学性状比较研究

对黄伞和滑菇的解剖结构进行了比较.结果表明:黄伞和滑菇菌丝均为白色,具有锁状联合,子实体形状、颜色相近,菌柄都中生,具菌幕,每个担子顶部产生4个担孢子,孢子形状接近,表面光滑含油滴.黄伞气生菌丝多,并产生分生孢子,滑菇出菇晚,黄伞菌盖菌柄上着生鳞片,滑菇表面覆有一层粘液.黄伞的孢子相对大些,滑菇产孢量大,颜色浅内含油滴较大.     

Advance in study of batokines

Brown adipose tissue is a type of adipose tissue and is present in all mammals. It is not only the main site for adaptive thermogenesis in vivo, but also secretes and releases many cytokines in the form of endocrine to regulate a variety of metabolic processes and prevent and treat obesity and metabolic diseases. Therefore, identification of the types and effects of brown adipocytokines (batokines) may be crucial for the treatment of a variety of obesity-related metabolic diseases. Based on the latest research progress, batokines and their functions are reviewed.     

Dopamine in substantia nigra is involved in the regulation of synthesis and lipolysis of retroperitoneal white adipose tissue in rats

AIM: To observe the alterations of fatty acid synthase (FAS), hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and phosphorylated HSL (p-HSL) in retroperitoneal white adipose tissue (rWAT) in a 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced Parkinson disease (PD) rat model. METHODS: SD rats (n=20) were randomly divided into PD model group and control group. 6-OHDA was injected into bilateral substantia nigra (SN) of the rats in PD model group, and the same volume of saline was injected into the same position of the rats in control group. Food intake was measured daily. Six weeks after operation, rotarod test was performed, and the body weight and rWAT weight of the rats were recorded. Immunohistochemistry was used to observed the change of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) in SN. HE staining was used to observe the morphological change of adipocytes in rWAT, and the diameter of adipocytes was measured by ImageJ software. The protein levels of TH in SN, and FAS, p-HSL and HSL in rWAT were determined by Western blot. RESULTS: Compared with control group, TH-positive neurons in SN were significantly reduced, and the motor ability of PD model rats was significantly decreased. No obvious change of daily food intake and body weight was observed, but the ratio of rWAT weight/body weight and the diameter of adipocytes in rWAT of PD model rats were significantly decreased. The protein level of FAS was decreased significantly. The protein level of p-HSL was increased significantly, while the protein level of HSL did not change. CONCLUSION: Dopamine in SN is involved in the regulation of rWAT synthesis and lipolysis in rats. The metabolic changes of rWAT caused by the destroy of SN may be related to the weight loss of PD patients.     

Hemangioblastic characteristics of human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells in vivo

AIM: To investigate whether Flk1+CD31-CD34- cells isolated from human adult adipose tissue have characteristics of hemangioblasts in vivo. METHODS: After sublethally irradiated (300cGy) with a caesium source, the female non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient (NOD/SCID) mice were injected with human adipose tissue-derived Flk1+CD31-CD34- cells (105 cells per mouse) via tail vain with 0.4 mL Roswell Park Memorial Institute medium (RPMI-1640). The control mice received the same volume of RPMI-1640 medium. All mice were killed 2 months after transplantation for further study. The differentiation potential of Flk1+CD31-CD34- cells was assessed in bone marrow and gastrointestinal tract by the methods of flow cytometry, RT-PCR, FISH, and triple-color immunofluorescence. RESULTS: Flk1+CD31-CD34- human adipose tissue-derived adult stem cells differentiated into endothelial cells and hematopoietic cells at the single-cell level in vivo. CONCLUSION: Human adult adipose tissue-derived Flk1+CD31-CD34- cells bear characteristics of hemangioblast in vivo and may have potential application for the treatment of hematopoietic and vascular diseases.     

Relationship between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide level in patients with stable coronary artery disease

AIM: To analyze the relationship between epicardial adipose tissue(EAT) thickness and plasma N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide(NT-proBNP) level in the patients with stable coronary artery disease.METHODS: The patients with chest pain(n=115) admitted to our hospital underwent coronary artery computer tomography and further underwent coronary angiography for confirming whether they had coronary artery disease. EAT thickness was evaluated at the right ventricular free wall imaged by coronary artery computer tomography. Plasma NT-proBNP level was examined by an automatic biochemistry analyzer.RESULTS: Eighty-one patients were confirmed to have stable coronary artery disease and thirty-four patients were excluded to have coronary artery disease. Left ventricular ejection fraction of these patients of 2 groups were all normal. The natural logarithm of plasma NT-proBNP level [ln(NT-proBNP)] of the patients with stable coronary artery disease was significantly higher than that of the patients without coronary artery disease(P<0.05). EAT thickness of the patients with stable coronary artery disease was also higher than that of the patients without coronary artery disease(P<0.05). EAT thickness was related to ln(NT-proBNP) positively(P<0.05). After adjustment of related impact factors, EAT thickness was still related to ln(NT-proBNP) positively(P<0.05). Multiple-factor regression analysis showed that EAT thickness was the independent influence factor on LnNT-proBNP(P<0.05).CONCLUSION: EAT thickness and plasma NT-proBNP level are both increased significantly and is related to each other in the patients with stable coronary artery disease.     

Purification and differentiation potentiality of fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells from mouse

AIM: To purify and investigate the differentiation potentials of fetal liver mesenchymal stem cells (flMSCs) from murine in vitro.METHODS: flMSCs from mouse fetuses at embryonic and fetal day (ED)13.5 or ED14.5 were isolated by adhering to plastic and passaged by modified method.Cell cycle and phenotype were analyzed by flow cytometry.The cell differentiation was induced by special induction media.The cells differentiated to adipose,cartilaginous and osteoid tissues were identified with oil red O,Toluid blue,alkaline phosphatease (ALP) and von Kossa’s staining.The cells differentiated to neural-like cells were detected by RT-PCR and immuno-staining.RESULTS: Fibroblast-like cells predominated in culture.(83.76±2.88)% of flMSCs stayed in the G₀/G₁ phases.Homogenous cells were positive for mesenchymal lineage markers CD44,CD29,but not for markers of hematopoietic cells CD45,CD11b.flMSCs were able to differentiate into adipogenic,chondrogenic,osteogenic and neurogenic cells.CONCLUSION: flMSCs can be purified by modified plastic-attachment method and have multiple differentiation,which is available to stem cell therapy for various diseases.     

Effect of high-fructose diet on adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system in rats

AIM: To observe the effects of high-fructose diet on adipose tissue inflammation and renin-angiotensin system (RAS), and to reveal the role of Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) in this process.METHODS: Male SD rats (n=16) were randomly divided into control group, high fructose group, high fructose+siRNA negative control group, and high fructose+TLR2-siRNA group. The rats in control group were fed with a standard chow diet. The rats in high fructose group were fed with a diet with 60% fructose, and the rats in high fructose+TLR2-siRNA group and high fructose+siRNA negative control group were transfected with TLR2 siRNA and scrambled siRNA, respectively. Serum uric acid was measured and visceral adipose tissue was weighed at the 14th week. The levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), angiotensinogen (AGT), and angiotensin Ⅱ (Ang Ⅱ) were measured by ELISA. Infiltrating macrophages in the adipose tissues were measured with immunohistochemistry. The mRNA expression of IL-6, TNF-α, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), AGT, angiotensin-converting enzyme 1 (ACE1), angiotensin Ⅱ type 1 receptor (AT1R), and angiotensin Ⅱ type 2 receptor (AT2R) was detected by RT-qPCR. The protein level of TLR2 was determined by Western blot.RESULTS: High fructose-fed rats showed elevated serum uric acid, raising fat content, higher serum concentrations of IL-6, TNF-α, AGT and AngⅡ, and more infiltrating macrophages in the adipose tissues (P<0.05). Moreover, the mRNA levels of IL-6, TNF-α,MCP-1, AGT, ACE1, AT1R and AT2R in the adipose tissues were increased (P<0.05). When high fructose-fed rats were transfected with TLR2-siRNA, the dramatic decreases in TLR2 protein level and number of infiltrating macrophages in the adipose tissues were found. Both in serum and adipose tissues, the mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines and RAS components were all significantly decreased (P<0.05).CONCLUSION: High-fructose diet up-regulates RAS in adipose tissues via activation of TLR2 inflammation signaling pathway.     

10%溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂对西瓜烟粉虱的田间防治研究

为明确溴氰虫酰胺对西瓜烟粉虱的防治效果,以吡虫啉为对照,通过田间试验比较了溴氰虫酰胺36 g/hm2、54 g/hm2、72 g/hm2及90 g/hm2及吡虫啉90 g/hm2（剂量为有效成分）对西瓜烟粉虱成虫和若虫的控制效果及对作物长势的影响。试验结果表明,在西瓜烟粉虱成虫发生初期施用溴氰虫酰胺悬浮剂54 g/hm2及以上剂量,7 d 间隔,连续施药2次,末次药后7 d对烟粉虱成虫和若虫的防效均高于80%,明显优于吡虫啉处理,同时能够增加西瓜茎蔓长度、增强西瓜长势,降低烟粉虱对西瓜的为害。     

Transplantation of exogenous adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of acute myocardial infarction in rat

AIM: To establish a method of isolating,culturing the adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells in vitro and to investigate the possibility of exogenous transplanting the adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of rat acute myocardial infarction.METHODS: 18 male rats were separated randomly into 3 groups: sham surgery group (control,n=6),acute myocardial infarction control group (AMI,n=6) and myocardial infarction plus cell transplantation group (AMI+cell,n=6).The infarcted hearts were made by occlusion of left coronary artery.The mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the rats’ peritoneum by using digestion methods and reproduced in vitro,then the cells were labeled with BrdU and implanted into the infarcted heart of the rats.Heart functions were measured 4 weeks after implantation.The hearts were also harvested for pathological and histoimmunochemical observations to determine the survival and location of the implanted cells.RESULTS: Plenty of mesenchymal stem cells were obtained from the adipose tissue of rats’ peritoneum.Compared with the AMI group,the left ventricular systolic pressure in the cell therapy group was increased significantly (P<0.01),the left ventricular end-diastolic pressure was decreased (P<0.01),and the ratio of the left ventricular pressure rise and decay (±dp/dt) was decreased (P<0.05).The number of blood vessels was increased at the boundary of infarction site by pathological observation.The labeled cells were founded in the infarcted myocardium and the blood vessel wall.CONCLUSION: The adipose tissue is a new optional stem cell source.The methods of exogenous transplantation of adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells for treatment of AMI is effective and feasible.     

黄,白金针菇品系酯酶同工酶标记筛选研究初报

采用垂直平板聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳,研究不同生长发育期、不同组织对金针菇[Fla~(?)mmulina velutipes(Fr.)Kar.]黄、白品系酯酶同工酶电泳表型的影响,筛选出不受生长发育期及常规培养条件影响的酯酶标记区带.标记区带分基本带和识别带.酯酶同工酶标记区带电泳表型显示出多态型.利用酯酶同工酶标记区带分析黄、白金针菇酶谱差异,显示出黄、白金针菇品系有共同的遗传基础.     

白色金针菇原生质体单核菌系的建立及其遗传特性分析

利用原生质体技术获得的白色金针菇原生质体再生菌株,根据细胞核的分布与数目以及锁状联合的有无,选出25株单核菌株,对峙试验表明,这些单核株分为核基因型不同的两种类型。两种类型的单核株和始发双核菌株的菌落形态、生长速度、胞外漆酶活性和药物抗性等性状指标均有明显差异,表明生成原生质体的过程中,所再生的单核株发生了变化。     

中熟白皮洋葱连葱12号的选育

连葱12号洋葱是从黄皮洋葱500中的白皮变异株进行单株自交,从其后代中系统选育出的新品种。该品种属中日照、中熟类型,鳞茎扁球形,球形指数0.66,平均单球质量351 g,外皮及内部鳞片均为白色,产量90 000 kg/hm~2,抗病性强,适宜黄淮地区露地栽培。     

薄皮甜瓜新品种白玉满堂的选育

白玉满堂是中国农业科学院郑州果树研究所近期育成的白皮白肉类薄皮甜瓜优良杂交一代品种。果皮白色,果肉白色,果实圆梨形。主要特征为成熟较早(果实发育期28~33 d),品质较优(肉质脆,中心可溶性固形物含量较高,为13.1%~14.8%),果实大小适中(单果质量0.38~0.44 kg),田间抗性表现较好,适应地区较广。2010年10月通过国家甜瓜新品种鉴定。     

白皮甜瓜品种雪峰蜜2号的选育

雪峰蜜2号系湖南省瓜类研究所选育的白皮白肉厚皮甜瓜新品种。2001-2002年参加品种比较试验,2003-2004年参加国家甜瓜品种区域试验、生产试验。其主要特性为:中熟种,全生育期100～110d,果实发育期40～45d;生长势中等,易于坐果;果实圆形,果皮白色、光滑有光泽,商品率高;果肉白色,肉厚3.5～4.0cm,中心可溶性固形物含量14%～17%,肉质脆;单果重1.1～1.7kg,单产2350kg/667m2左右,高产在4000kg以上;耐贮运,抗病性强,适应性广。     

Effect of GLP-1 receptor agonist on lipolysis in adipose tissue of obese mice and its underlying mechanism

AIM: To investigate the effects of glucagon-like peptide-1(GLP-1) receptor agonist exendin-4 on white adipose tissue (WAT) and the underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Male C57BL/6J mice (8 weeks) were challenged by high-fat diet for 12 weeks, and were randomly divided into saline group and exendin-4 group. The mRNA expression of sirtuin 1(SIRT1), adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL), TNF-α and adiponectin of WAT was detected by real-time PCR. 3T3-L1 adipocytes or mouse embryonic fibroblasts cells were treated with exendin-4 for 24 h. The protein levels of SIRT1, ATGL and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) were determined by Western blot.RESULTS: Exendin-4 significantly decreased epididymal fat weight, fasting blood glucose and serum triglyceride levels (P<0.05), and reduced body weight and serum TNF-α level. The mRNA expression of SIRT1, ATGL and adiponectin in WAT was all significantly up-regulated by exendin-4, which were contrary to the down-regulation of TNF-α mRNA expression (P<0.05). Exendin-4 promoted the protein expression of SIRT1, ATGL, and HSL in 3T3-L1 adipocytes in a dose-dependent manner. Less lipid droplets with up-regulation of lipolytic protein expression were observed when combined with SIRT1 agonist treatment, which were suppressed by SIRT1 inhibitor. Deletion of SIRT1 led to larger adipocytes with more lipid droplets, and the effect of exendin-4 on the lipolysis disappeared when SIRT1 was deficient.CONCLUSION: Exendin-4 promotes lipolysis in WAT of obese mice via activation of SIRT1.     

高山白萝卜—甜玉米地膜覆盖间作模式栽培试验

为改善长阳高山白萝卜种植效益不高、连作障碍严重等问题,在长阳1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600 m 4个海拔点进行高山白萝卜—甜玉米地膜覆盖试验。试验结果表明,海拔1 200 m的综合产值最高,达4 913.6元/667 m~2,其次是海拔1 400 m,达到4 885.6元/667 m~2。