二维亚波长金属小孔阵列的透射光增强效应

对金属薄膜上的二维亚波长小孔阵列的光透射增强现象进行了数值模拟，结果显示不仅实际金属薄膜上的小孔阵列结构具有透射增强效应，理想导体薄膜的相同结构也具有透射增强效应，但没有实际金属薄膜的增强明显-通过分析指出，这种小孔阵列的光透射增强效应是一种复杂的波导耦合效应-与金属薄膜上的表面电流一样，表面等离激元波具有将入射光能量从金属表面向小孔转移的作用，但不是透射增强的本质原因- 关键词： 表面电流 共振耦合 透射增强 表面等离激元     

纳米银线波导中表面等离极化波激发和辐射的偏振特性研究术

在可见光波段（λ=750nm）,实验研究了在端面辅助情况下,细纳米银线波导中表面等离极化波激发和辐射的偏振特性．实验发现在细纳米银线中,不同偏振态的入射光对应的表面等离极化激元的激发和传输效率有明显不同,但对应的出射光始终为方向恒定的线偏振光．对于化学合成的纳米银线,端面的轴对称性普遍比较好,对此类纳米银线进行激发时,如果入射光偏振态与纳米线近似平行,则激发和传输表面等离极化激元的效率最高;如果正交,激发和传输效率则最低．对于某些端面轴对称性较差的纳米银线,如端面为尖端或类斜面,当入射光偏振态与纳米线有一定夹角时,激发和传输表面等离极化激元的效率最高．在入射光偏振改变的过程中出射光的偏振方向始终与纳米银线平行．最后结合有限元差分方法理论解释了纳米银线中这种偏振特性的物理机理．利用纳米银线中表面等离极化激元激发和辐射的偏振特性,可以在亚波长尺寸上实现对光强和偏振态的调控．     

表面等离激元——机理、应用与展望

等离激元光子学(plasmonics)的研究内容是金属纳米结构独特的光学性质及其应用.随着纳米科技的进步,等离激元光子学已经迅速发展成为一门新兴学科,在生物、化学、能源、信息等领域具有重要的应用前景.文章主要介绍表面等离激元(surface plasmons,SPs)的一些基本物理性质,包括局域的表面等离激元(localized surface plas-mon,LSP)和传导的表面等离激元(propagating surface plasmon polariton,SPP),文章还介绍了表面等离激元的几个重要的应用方向,例如生物/化学传感器、表面等离激元激光、光开关器件以及表面等离激元光逻辑运算,等等.     

介电常数近零模式与表面等离激元模式耦合实现宽带光吸收

介电常数为零或近零模式在微纳结构中提供了一个新的方式调控光与物质的相互作用.本文首先利用金属圆盘阵列结构激发了表面等离激元共振,在共振频率处实现了光的局域效果;然后通过在金属-绝缘体-金属超表面微纳结构中加入掺杂半导体材料,利用上层金属圆盘阵列激发的表面等离激元共振诱导介电常数近零模式的产生,从而使得介电常数近零模式与表面等离激元模式发生耦合,在中红外波段实现了一个470 nm的宽带吸收效果;数值模拟结果显示,在宽带吸收处存在光场的强局域效果.与窄带吸收相比,宽带吸收有更广泛的应用,比如吸收器、传感器、滤波器、微测辐射热计、光电探测器、相干热发射器、太阳能电池、指纹识别和能量收集装置等.     

十字结构银纳米线的表面等离极化激元分束特性

金属纳米线波导可以将光局域在亚波长尺度内传播, 在纳米光子集成回路方面有着重要的作用. 本文应用有限元方法, 研究了十字结构银纳米线的表面等离极化激元分束特性. 结果表明, 不同模式的表面等离极化激元在十字结构三个分支的输出依赖于端面的几何结构参数. 此外, 研究还发现由于不同模式表面等离极化激元叠加, 在十字结构的分支上出现了周期性电场分布.     

多圆孔周期性银膜阵列结构的光学特性

提出一种多圆孔周期性银膜阵列结构,并利用时域有限差分算法探究该结构的光学特性。计算结果表明,当线性偏振光入射时,该结构表面激发出表面等离激元,且纳米孔间产生了局部表面等离子体共振,使得该结构的异常透射增强。针对这一现象,通过对中心孔与边孔所呈角度、入射光偏振角度、结构参数(中心孔直径、边孔直径、结构厚度、边孔与中心孔的间距)的调控来实现结构光学透射属性的优化。此外,分析所提结构在不同环境折射率条件下透射峰的变化规律,发现该结构也对周围的环境折射率具有较高的敏感度。因此该结构在表面等离激元滤波器和折射率传感器中具有广泛的应用前景。     

基于Ag纳米棒阵列的表面等离激元微型偏振器

采用静电近似理论计算了Ag纳米棒阵列在不同偏振光入射下的消光光谱。当入射光偏振方向平行于纳米棒长轴时会激发表面等离激元纵向振动模式,而当入射光偏振方向垂直于纳米棒长轴时会激发表面等离激元横向振动模式。基于两种模式共振波长的不同,采用Ag纳米棒阵列可以用来设计高性能的表面等离激元微型偏振器。Ag纳米棒阵列的偏振性能在纵向共振波长明显优于在横向共振波长,通过调节纳米棒的纵横比可以对纵向模式的共振峰位进行大范围调控。结果表明这种微型偏振器所适用的波长能够通过纳米棒的纵横比在可见到近红外波段范围内调控,而消光比和插入损耗能够通过纳米棒的直径和长度实现调控。     

内嵌矩形腔楔形金属狭缝的增强透射

金属薄膜上亚波长金属狭缝的非共振光增强透射对宽频带光子器件的设计具有重要意义. 为增强金属狭缝的光透射, 设计了内嵌矩形腔楔形金属狭缝阵列, 并用有限元方法研究了该结构的透射特性. 结果表明, 内嵌矩形腔的楔形金属狭缝阵列比无矩形腔的楔形金属狭缝阵列透射率高. 此外, 还研究了矩形腔的结构参数和位置对内嵌矩形腔楔形金属狭缝阵列透射特性的影响. 这些结果将对设计具有更高透射能力的金属狭缝具有一定的指导意义. 关键词： 光异常透射 金属狭缝 表面等离极化激元     

局域表面等离激元

局域表面等离激元使得贵金属纳米颗粒具有丰富的光学性质,其应用涵盖能源、生物医学、安全、信息、超材料等诸多领域。文章简要介绍局域表面等离激元的基本性质、贵金属纳米结构中的局域表面等离激元共振耦合以及具有局域表面等离激元特性的贵金属纳米结构的一些重要应用。     

光子角动量在环形金属纳米孔异常透射过程中的作用

在环形凹槽包围环形金属纳米孔的异常透射器件的研究中,环形凹槽可以将携带光子角动量的入射光转化为涡旋表面等离极化激元,这些涡旋表面等离极化激元传向几何中心并与直接照射在环形纳米孔上的光子发生干涉,当相互干涉的光子满足相位匹配条件时,环形纳米孔的透射率得到显著增强.本文利用理论分析和数值计算的方法研究了光子角动量和凹槽半径对环形纳米孔透射过程的影响.我们发现调节环形凹槽的半径和入射光携带的光子角动量可以调节光子在金膜上表面传输时的径向传播相位,进而影响了环形纳米孔附近的干涉电场强度,最终决定了环形纳米孔的透射率,进而可以通过调节凹槽的半径来调节携带不同光子角动量的光束在环形纳米孔的透射率.本文的研究结果对基于涡旋表面等离极化激元的异常透射器件的设计具有重要的指导意义.     

Experimental studies of extraordinary light transmission through periodic arrays of subwavelength square and rectangular holes in metal films

We fabricate a series of periodic arrays of subwavelength square and rectangular air holes on gold films, and measure the transmission spectra of these metallic nanostructures. By changing some geometrical and physical parameters, such as array period, air hole size and shape, and the incident light polarization, we verify that both global surface plasmon resonance and localized waveguide mode resonance are influential on enhancing the transmission of light through nanostructured metal films. These two resonances induce different behaviours of transmission peak shift. The transmission through the rectangular air-hole structures exhibits an obvious polarization effect dependent on the morphology. Numerical simulations are also made by a plane-wave transfer-matrix method and in good consistency with the experimental results.     

Origin of superenhanced light transmission through two-dimensional subwavelength rectangular hole arrays

Superenhanced light transmission through subwavelength rectangular hole arrays have been reported and some investigations have been made into the physical origin of this phenomenon [K.J. Klein Koerkamp et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 92, 183901 (2004)]. In our current work, by performing FDTD (finite difference in the time domain) numerical simulations, we demonstrate that mechanism that is different from surface plasmon polaritons set up by the periodicity at the in-plane metal surfaces may account for this superenhanced light transmission. We suggest that for arrays of rectangular holes with small enough width in comparison to the wavelength of the incident light, standing electromagnetic fields can be set up inside the cavity by the surface plasmons on the hole walls with its intensity being substantially enhanced inside the cavity. So resonant cavity-enhanced light transmission is predominant and responsible for its superenhanced light transmission. Rectangular holes behave as Fabry-Pérot resonance cavities except that the frequency of their fundamental modes is restricted by their TM cutoff frequency. However we believe that both localized surface plasmon modes and surface plasmon polaritons set up by the periodicity at the in-plane metal surfaces have their shares in extraordinary optical transmission of rectangular hole arrays especially when the width of the rectangular hole is not small enough and the metal film is not thick enough.     

金属光子晶体平板的超强透射及其表面等离子体共振

用全矢量的三维有限差分时域(finite-difference time-domain,简称FDTD)方法,研究了正方形单元结构金属光子晶体平板的增强传输效应以及局域性表面等离子体共振现象.这种增强效应来自于两个不同的等离子体共振机制：由长方形空气孔形成的局域波导共振以及由周期性结构引起的光子晶体共振效应.对于由长方形空气孔形成的局域波导共振模式,其等离子体波全部局域在整个长方形空气孔区域中.而由周期性引起的共振模式,其频率随着金属平板表面周期性的变化而变化,相应的等离子体波分布在长方形空气孔区域的两端.产生的表面等离子体都局域在长方形空气孔区域中,电场强度得到了显著的增强. 关键词： 光子晶体 金属平板 超强透射 表面等离子体     

Localization of Surface Plasmon Waves in Hybrid Photodetectors with Subwavelength Metallic Arrays

The spectral characteristics of the hole photocurrent in plasmon photodetectors based on Ge/Si heterostructures with Ge quantum dots combined with regular arrays of subwavelength apertures of various shapes in a gold film on the semiconductor surface are investigated. Dispersion relations characterizing the propagation of surface plasmon waves along the metal–semiconductor interface are determined from the dependences of the photocurrent on the angle of incidence of light. It is established that the plasmonic enhancement of the photocurrent in rectangular aperture array is suppressed as compared to that in circular and square aperture arrays. It is found that, in hybrid structures with rectangular apertures, there exists a range of wave vectors where the energy of surface plasmons is independent of the wave vector of incident radiation. The results are explained by the excitation of dipole modes localized at rectangular apertures with a large aspect ratio by light waves.     

Role of localised surface plasmon polaritons coupling in optical transmission through double-layer metal apertures

In this paper, we investigate the optical properties of the double-layer metal films perforated with single apertures by analysing the coupling of localized surface plasmon polaritons (LSPPs). It is found that the amplitude and the wavelength of transmission peak in such a structure can be adjusted by changing the longitudinal interval D between two films and the lateral displacements d_{x} and d_{y} which are parallel and perpendicular to the polarization direction of incident light, respectively. The variation of longitudinal interval D results in the redshift of transmission peak due to the change of coupling strength of LSPPs near the single apertures. The amplitude of transmission peak decreases with the increase of d_{y} and is less than that in the case of d_{x}, which originates from the difference in coupling manner between LSPPs and the localized natures of LSPPs.     

Plasmonic waveplate: incident polarization modulation

Abstract We demonstrate that the rectangular nanohole arrays perforated in a 100 nm gold film can be used to tune the polarization direction of the transmitted light with maximum rotation angle of about 30 degrees. Theoretical analysis with the three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations indicates that this phenomenon is attributed to the excitation of the surface plasmon wave on the gold film surface and the resonance of localized surface plasmon in the hole. With multiple plasmon resonances, the plasmonic waveplate can realize multi-wavelength polarization modulation. Our results may be useful to understanding the physical mechanism of enhanced plasmon mediated transmission and potential applications in plasmonic optical components.     

Subwavelength polarization rotators via double-layer metal hole arrays

We show that the polarization of linearly polarized light can be rotated an arbitrary angle by double-layer metal hole array structures in a subwavelength regime. The transmitted light with the rotated polarization, however, remains of nearly the same strength as the incident field at particular frequencies. The mechanism can be attributed to the subwavelength feature of the rectangular holes, and the tangential guiding modes between layers modulated by the orientation of the holes. The structures have potential applications as polarization rotators in a broad frequency range covering from terahertz (THz) to infrared frequencies.     

Mid-infrared optical resonances in quantum dot photodetectors coupled with metallic gratings with different aperture diameters

The paper is devoted to optical testing of mid-infrared Ge/Si photodetectors obtained by stacking of self-assembled Ge quantum dots in multilayer structures, which are near-field coupled to the adjacent nanoplasmonic arrays of subwavelength holes in metallic films. It is shown that photocurrent and near-field spectra consist of several sets of peaks, which are attributted to surface plasmon waves, localized surface plasmon modes or diffractive Rayleigh anomaly depending on the hole diameter and the angle of incidence θ. We find that for small holes the greatest contribution to the photocurrent enhancement is due to the excitation of the surface plasmon-polariton waves for all θ. As the hole diameter is increased and becomes comparable with the array periodicity, the normal-incident photoresponse improvement is provided by the Rayleigh anomaly. With the increase of incident angle, the photocurrent enhancement is supposed to arise from coupling of the localized shape resonance and propagating plasmon modes.     

Subwavelength beam manipulation via multiple-metal slits coupled by disk-shaped nanocavity

A novel plasmonic structure consisting of three nano-scaled slits coupled by nano-disk-shaped nanocavities is pro- posed to produce subwavelength focusing and beam bending at optical frequencies. The incident light passes through the metal slits in the form of surface plasmon polaritons （SPPs） ,and then scatters into radiation fields. Numerical simulations using finite-difference time-domain （FDTD） method show that the transmitted fields through the design example can gener- ate light focusing and deflection by altering the refractive index of the coupled nanocavity. The simulation results indicate that the focal spot is beyond the diffraction limit. Light impinges on the surface at an angle to the optical axis will add an extra planar phase front that interferes with the asymmetric phase front of the plasmonic lens, leading to a larger bending angle off the axial direction. The advantages of the proposed plasmonic lens are smaller device size and ease of fabrication. Such geometries offer the potential to be controlled by using nano-positior!i0g systems for applications in dynamic beam shaping and scanning on the nanoscale.     

Plasmonic sensors based on thick metal film perforated with rectangular nanohole arrays

The dependence of optical properties on the ambient medium, the period of nanohole arrays and the metal film thickness in a thick silver film perforated with rectangular nanohole arrays is investigated using the finite‐difference time‐domain technique. As a result of the coupling between top and down surface plasmon polaritons, mediated by localized surface plasmon resonances supported by the metallic rectangular nano‐ holes, interesting light phenomena are observed for varying thickness of the metal film and period of the rectangular nanohole arrays. Based on the dependence of the optical properties on the ambient medium, the possibility of exploiting thick metal rectangular nanohole arrays as plasmonic sensors is further discussed, the potential application as plasmonic sensors is revealed. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)