血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床研究

目的探究血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床疗效。方法选取2013年8月—2015年8月黄河三门峡医院消化内科收治的肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎患者88例,随机分为对照组和治疗组,每组各44例。对照组患者腹腔穿刺放液≤2 000 m L/d,放液后给予注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠0.5 g/次,1次/d,同时静脉滴注注射用亚胺培南西司他丁钠,0.5 g加入到0.9%生理盐水100 m L中,3次/d。治疗组在对照组治疗基础上静脉滴注血必净注射液,50 m L加入到0.9%生理盐水100 m L中,1次/d。两组均连续治疗7 d。观察两组的临床疗效,比较两组发热、腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛等临床症状消失时间。观察两组并发症的发生率,同时比较两组治疗前后白细胞(WBC)、C反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素6(IL-6)的变化。结果治疗后,对照组和治疗组的总有效率分别为75.00%、90.91%,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。治疗组发热、腹胀、腹痛、腹部压痛和反跳痛等临床症状消失时间均显著短于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。两组WBC、CRP、PCT、TNF-α、IL-6均较治疗前显著降低,同组治疗前后差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);且治疗7 d后治疗组这些观察指标显著低于对照组,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。对照组和治疗并发症的总发生率分别为18.18%、4.55%,两组比较差异具有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论血必净注射液联合亚胺培南治疗肝硬化并发自发性细菌性腹膜炎的临床疗效显著,可以显著缓解临床症状,降低并发症的发生率,还可以降低血清炎症因子的表达,具有一定的临床推广应用价值。     

2014—2018年耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌分离及耐药率分析#br#

目的 通过对耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌(carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae, CRKP)和非耐碳青霉烯类肺炎克雷伯菌的分离结果和耐药性分析，为临床提供合理治疗方案。方法 回顾性对比分析2014年1月—2018年12月分离出的284株CRKP和2272株非CRKP的标本来源、病区分布和耐药性。数据分析采用Whonet5.6统计软件，使用 SPSS 20.0软件进行差异显著性分析，耐药率比较采用χ2检验。结果 2014—2018年5年CRKP分离率分别为0、0.6%、0.2%、3.2%和26.5%，平均分离率为11.1%；病区分布主要为重症监护病房(ICU)、干部保健病房、神经内科、呼吸内科、肿瘤外科，构成比分别为33.8%、26.1%、8.8%、7.0%和4.9%。ICU的CRKP分离率明显高于非ICU(χ2=101.514, P<0.05)，二者比较差异具有显著性。CRKP标本来源主要是痰液，构成比达到48.6%。CRKP出现多重耐药，CRKP对常用的革兰阴性抗菌药物头孢菌素类、氟喹诺酮类、碳青霉烯类耐药率均超过95%，对氨基糖苷类的耐药率也超过90%；而非CRKP耐药率较低，对所有11种抗菌药物耐药率<28.6%，非CRKP对11种抗菌药物的耐药率均低于CRKP，且差异有显著性(P<0.05)。结论 CRKP分离率和耐药率较高，CRKP的耐药率明显高于非CRKP，检验科应及时报告CRKP的分离和耐药情况，加强抗菌药物的管理，强化消毒、隔离等感染控制措施。     

Systematic review comparing meropenem with imipenem plus cilastatin in the treatment of severe infections

ABSTRACT

Objective: To compare the effectiveness of meropenem with imipenem plus cilastatin in the treatment of severe infections.

Data sources: CENTRAL, EMBASE and MEDLINE were searched for abstracts and papers. All searching was completed in March 2004. No restriction was placed on language.

Study selection: Randomized controlled trials of adult patients with severe infections treated with meropenem or imipenem plus cilastatin at an equal dose, on a gram-for-gram basis, and with the same dosing regimen.

Data extraction: Two reviewers independently assessed papers against the inclusion/exclusion criteria and for methodological quality with differences in opinion adjudicated by a third party. Data were extracted on clinical response, bacteriologic response, mortality and adverse events.

Data synthesis: A total of 27 trials met the inclusion criteria. Meta-analyses were carried out using a Fixed Effects model. Results demonstrated that when compared to imipenem plus cilastatin, meropenem is associated with a significantly greater clinical response (Relative Risk 1.04; 95% Confidence Interval: 1.01–1.06), a significantly greater bacteriologic response (RR 1.05; 95% CI: 1.01–1.08), a non-significant reduction in mortality (RR 0.98; 95% CI: 0.71–1.35), and a significantly lower adverse event rate (RR 0.87; 95% CI: 0.77–0.97).

Conclusions: This systematic review demonstrates that meropenem compared to imipenem plus cilastatin has a significantly greater clinical and bacteriologic response with a significant reduction in adverse events. There was no evidence of heterogeneity or publication bias and the analyses were robust to changes in the inclusion/exclusion criteria and use of a Random Effects model.     

A case of pneumonia caused by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 and treated successfully with imipenem

The patient was an 83-year-old man hospitalized for Haemophilus influenzae pneumonia, who developed recurrent pneumonia after improvement of the initial episode. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 12 was isolated from the sputum, accompanied by increased serum antibody titers to L. pneumophila serogroup 12. Therefore, the patient was diagnosed as having Legionella pneumonia caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 12.Case reports of pneumonia caused by L. pneumophila serogroup 12 are rare, and the case described herein is the first report of clinical isolation of this organism in Japan. When the genotype was determined by the protocol of The European Working Group for Legionella Infections (Sequence-Based Typing [SBT] for epidemiological typing of L. pneumophila, Version 3.1), the sequence type was ST68. Imipenem/cilastatin therapy was found to be effective for the treatment of Legionella pneumonia in this patient.     

Imipenem/Cilastatin Treatment of Acute Infections in AIDS/ARC Patients

Summary

We studied the clinical efficacy and safety of imipenem, a broad spectrum β-lactain antibiotic, in acute bacterial infections in 21 patients with AIDS or AIDS-related complex (ARC). Imipenem/cilastatin was administered as a 30-min intravenous infusion using a dose fo 500 mg/8 h. Bacterial pathogens were isolated before treatment in 80% of cases; 87.5% of all strains were susceptible to imipenem in vitro. Treatment resulted in rapid control of the infections in 80% of patients. Clinical and laboratory adverse reactions probably related to imipenem treatment were noted in 8 patients.     

Trimethoprim-Sulfamethoxazole plus Amikacin as First-Line Therapy and Imipenem/Cilastatin as Second Empirical Therapy in Febrile Neutropenic Patients with Hematological Disorders

One hundred and thirty-nine consecutive episodes of fever were evaluated in 55 patients with hematological disorders during persistent neutropenia. In 121 instances, patients were given trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole + amikacin (TMP/SMZ + AMI) as an initial antibiotic regimen with clinical success in 51% (i.e. antibiotic treatment was not changed within the first 7 days).

Imipenem/cilastatin (I/C) therapy was instituted in: (a) 22 episodes with clinical failure and fever of unknown origin during TMP/SMZ + AMI therapy and (b) 18 episodes with a second fever episode during initially successful TMP/SMZ + AMI therapy. The response rate for all 40 I/C treated episodes was 80%. One neutropenic patient in the whole series died from infectious complications within four weeks from institution of therapy.

TMP/SMZ + AMI seems to be a safe and inexpensive «standard» antibiotic regimen in neutropenic patients. I/C appears to have good efficacy when used as secondary therapy after failure with TMP/SMZ + AMI.     

耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌感染对临床及医疗费用的影响

目的 了解耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌的医院感染对临床及医疗费用的影响.方法 回顾性病例对照研究2007年1月至2009年6月于首都医科大学附属北京朝阳医院住院治疗的感染耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌患者和感染亚胺培南敏感鲍曼不动杆菌患者,分别为耐药组和敏感组,各138例.按年龄、性别、基础疾病严重程度、感染部位、住院时间及入院至出现感染的时间间隔等匹配因素随机选取敏感组患者进行1∶1配对.计量资料的组间比较采用t检验或秩和检验,计数资料的组间比较采用x2检验,多因素分析采用Logistic回归.结果 耐药组院内总病死率为39.1％,明显高于敏感组的20.3％(x2=11.728,P＜0.01).138对耐药组和敏感组患者中,有72对存活,耐药组的总住院时间及住ICU时间分别为28.5d和14.5d,均明显长于敏感组的23.0d及0 d(x2 =2.886、4.844,均P＜0.01).耐药组平均每住院日的总费用为3652元,抗菌药物费用为555元,均明显高于敏感组的2092元及338元(Z=3.792、4.209,均P＜0.01).结论 耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌感染可显著升高患者的住院病死率、延长住院时间及增加住院费用.     

亚胺培南肾毒性和西司他丁肾保护的基础和临床研究进展

亚胺培南是一种碳青霉烯类抗生素,在临床上和西司他丁组成复方制剂,用于多重耐药和重症感染的治疗。肾毒性是亚胺培南的常见不良反应,在儿童和老年等肾功不全群体中,应用亚胺培南导致肾脏毒性的风险更大。西司他丁具有肾保护活性,可降低顺铂、万古霉素、环孢素A等药物的肾毒性。本文对近年来亚胺培南肾毒性和西司他丁肾保护作用的研究进展进行综述,从基础研究和临床应用的角度,揭示亚胺培南和西司他丁在肾脏产生不同效应的可能机制,为亚胺培南和西司他丁的临床安全合理应用提供理论基础和科学建议。     

耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌碳青霉烯酶基因分析

目的研究我院耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌（IRAB）的耐药性与碳青霉烯酶基因型。方法收集我院耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌35株,K—B法和E—test法测定对常用抗茵药物的敏感性,采用改良Hodge试验和乙二胺四乙酸（EDTA）协同试验检测耐亚胺培南不动杆菌产碳青霉烯酶和金属β-内酰胺酶情况,聚合酶链反应（PcR）检测其碳青霉烯酶基因OXA-23、OXA-24、OXA-58、IMP、VIM。结果35株耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌对β-内酰胺类、部分氨基糖苷类、喹诺酮类及磺胺类抗菌药物均有很高耐药率（〉70％）,仅对阿米卡星、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦和多粘菌素B有较高的敏感性（〉70％）,35株耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌均产碳青霉烯酶,未检测到金属β-内酰胺酶,全部检测到OXA-23型基因,未检测到OXA-24、OXA-58、IMP、VIM型基因。结论耐亚胺培南鲍曼不动杆菌耐药相当严重;产OXA-23型碳青霉烯酶是我院鲍曼不动杆菌对亚胺培南耐药的主要原因。     

鲍曼不动杆菌371株感染特征及耐药性分析

目的 分析鲍曼不动杆菌的分布规律、感染特征及耐药性.方法 选取开封市第一人民医院送检标本中分离出的鲍曼不动杆菌371株,常规培养分离鉴定.采用法国生物梅里埃公司VITEK2全自动微生物分析系统及其配套的鉴定和药敏卡进行细菌鉴定和药敏试验(MIC法),药敏结果按CLSI 2006年标准判断.采用世界卫生组织耐药监测网提供的WHONET 5.0软件进行数据分析.结果 痰液检出315株,占84.9％;胸腔积液32株,占8.6％;脓液21株,占5.7％;尿液3株,占0.8％.呼吸内科124株,33.4％;老年病科81株21.8％.对鲍曼不动杆菌耐药性最低的是米诺环素(3.0％),耐药性最高的是阿奇霉素(100.0％).结论 泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌,米诺环素可作为首选药物,亚胺培南可作为一线药物.