蛙皮素及其同类物与肿瘤的关系

1971年Anastasi等从一种欧洲雨蛙的皮肤中分离出蛙皮素(BN),此后,又有学者在人及哺乳动物体内发现了蛙皮素的同类物:胃泌素释放肽(GRP)和神经调节肽B(NMB),并发现蛙皮素及其同类物可通过相应受体刺激多种肿瘤的生长。从此,人们对其进行了广泛的研究。现就近年来关于BN及其同类物与肿瘤生长关系的研究作一综述。     

Vagal Control of the Release of Somatostatin,Vasoactive Intestinal Polypeptide,Gastrin-Releasing Peptide,and HC1 from Porcine Non-Antral Stomach

We studied the secretion of somatostatin and HO and the release of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) from isolated, vascularly perfused, porcine non-antral stomach. Electric vagus stimulation increased acid secretion and the release of VIP and GRP and inhibited somatostatin secretion as determined in the venous effluent. Atropine abolished the HC1 response and reversed the somatostatin inhibition to a three-fold increase, whereas GRP and VIP responses were unchanged. Both intra-arterial carbachol (10′⁶M) and GRP (10′⁸M) increased acid secretion and inhibited somatostatin secretion. VIP (10^_8M) increased somatostatin secretion and had no effect on acid secretion. By immunohistochemistry, somatostatin was localized to both open-type and closed-type cells equally spread in the various parts of the gastric glands without particular relation to the parietal cells. Numerous GRP- and VIP-immunoreactive nerve fibers were seen between the glands. It is concluded that the fundic and antral secretion of somatostatin, investigated in a previous study, are differently regulated. The relation of fundic somatostatin release to acid secretion seems to be complex.     

Comparative Study of Serotonin and Bombesin in Adenocarcinomas and Neuroendocrine Tumors of the Colon

The aim of this study was to investigate serotonin and bombesin expression in colorectal adenocarcinomas and neuroendocrine colorectal tumors to clarify their role in the progression of colon cancer. The investigation was carried out by electron microscope immunocytochemistry. The ultrastructural study revealed that some cases of colorectal adenocarcinomas were characterized by the presence of amphicrine cells containing endocrine granules and mucus granules. Poorly differentiated adenocarcinomas and liver metastases were poorly granulated compared with highly differentiated tumors. Neuroendocrine tumors nevertheless were characterized by the presence of numerous malignant neuroendocrine cells filled with secretory granules and mucus granules. Bombesin appeared to be located in enterochromaffin-like endocrine cells, which are primarily responsible for the production of serotonin. In colorectal adenocarcinomas there was an inverse correlation between serotonin levels and the degree of differentiation. High serotonin levels characterized colorectal adenocarcinomas with composite phenotype and colorectal neuroendocrine tumors. Increased bombesin expression was correlated with colorectal adenocarcinomas exhibiting poor histological grade and their liver metastases. In conclusion, the findings suggest that high serotonin levels may be an indicator of neuroendocrine differentiation, and bombesin may be a useful marker for colorectal adenocarcinomas with aggressive behavior.     

蛙皮素对人胃黏膜上皮永生细胞系GES-1细胞生长作用和机制的研究

目的　观察蛙皮素对人永生细胞系 (GES 1)生长的调节和作用机制。方法　①分子水平观察GES 1细胞胃泌素释放肽 (GRP)受体mRNA的表达。②利用受体化学交联和细胞膜组织化学法观察GRP受体蛋白表达。③观察不同浓度的蛙皮素及其受体拮抗剂对GES 1细胞生长的影响。④观察蛋白激酶C (PKC)抑制剂对蛙皮素促进GES 1细胞作用的影响。⑤观察蛙皮素作用GES 1细胞后 ,细胞内三磷酸肌醇 (IP3 )和PKC活性以及观察蛙皮素对此细胞系作用后GRP受体mRNA表达量的变化。结果　①GES 1细胞表达GRP受体mRNA ,Southern杂交进一步证明表达特异性mRNA。②GRP受体蛋白相对分子质量为 75× 10 3 ,该受体位于细胞膜。③蛙皮素可促进此细胞生长 ,而蛙皮素特异性受体拮抗剂可抑制此促生长作用。④蛙皮素对该细胞的促生长作用可被PKC抑制剂所抑制。⑤蛙皮素可引起细胞内IP3 含量显著增加以及引起细胞内PKC活性自细胞质向细胞膜转移。⑥蛙皮素作用GES 1细胞后可引起GRP受体mRNA表达增加。结论　此研究证明人胃黏膜上皮细胞系GES 1表达GRP受体mRNA和蛋白。蛙皮素对GES 1细胞的促生长作用是通过特异性受体介导 ,引起细胞内IP3增加和PKC活性转移来实现的。蛙皮素作用后引起该细胞GRP受体mRNA表达量增加 ,说明蛙皮素对其自身受体有上调作用     

蚌皮素对结肠癌细胞株调控及其受体后信息传导

研究蛙皮素对人结肠癌细胞株的生长调控及受体后的信息传导途径。方法观察蛙皮素对人结肠癌细胞株ｃｌｏｎｅ Ａ细胞生长调控；应用液体闪烁测量法【闪烁记数仪分别测定细胞内三磷酸肌醇及环磷酸腺苷含量；用荧光测定细胞内游离Ｃａ＾２＋浓度；参考Ｔａｋａｉ法测定蛋白激酶Ｃ活性。     

Bombesin microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex inhibits TRH-stimulated gastric contractility in rats

The effects of centrally injected bombesin on central and peripheral stimulated gastric contractility were investigated in fasted urethane-anesthetized rats. Miniature strain gauge force transducers were acutely implanted on the corpus of the stomach and gastric contractility was analyzed by computer. Intracisternal injection of the stable thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)-analog RX 77368 (77 pmol) induced a stimulation of gastric contractility for 40 min. Intracisternal injection of bombesin (62-620 pmol) followed 30 min later by that of RX 77368 resulted in a dose-related inhibition of the TRH-analog-induced gastric contractility. Intracisternal injection of bombesin (620 pmol) did not modify gastric contractility stimulated by intravenous carbachol. Stimulation of gastric contractility induced by TRH-analog microinjected into the dorsal vagal complex (DVC) was dose-related suppressed by concomitant injections of bombesin (6.2-620 pmol). Neither bombesin alone (6.2 pmol) nor vehicle modified basal gastric contractility. These results demonstrate that bombesin acts within the brain to inhibit vagally stimulated gastric contractility and that the DVC is a sensitive site for bombesin inhibitory action. These findings suggest a possible interaction between TRH and bombesin in the central vagal regulation of gastric contractility.     

Differential thresholds of neuromedins B-, C-, and bombesin-induced anorexia and crop-emptying rate in chicks

Neuromedin B (NMB) and neuromedin C (NMC) are homologs of bombesin and are distributed throughout both the brain and gastrointestinal tract. The physiological roles of these bombesin-like peptides in chicks (Gallus gallus) have not been documented. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to measure the effects of these bombesin-like peptides on food intake, crop-emptying rate and body temperature in chicks, and then to compare these effects with those of bombesin. Intracerebroventricular (ICV, 5 nmol) and intraperitoneal (IP, 300 nmol/kg) injections of NMB, NMC, and bombesin significantly decreased food deprivation-induced food intake. When ICV injected (5 nmol), all three peptides significantly reduced crop-emptying rate. IP injection of NMC and bombesin (300 nmol/kg) also reduced crop-emptying rate while NMB did not. The magnitude of food intake suppression and crop-emptying rate reduction were greater for bombesin than NMB and NMC. ICV and IP injections of NMB, NMC and bombesin did not affect cloacal temperature. In sum, the present study suggests that central and peripheral NMB and NMC are associated with reduced food intake and crop-emptying of chicks, but these effects are weaker than those of bombesin.     

Experimental obstructive jaundice alters claudin-4 expression in intestinal mucosa： Effect of bombesin and neurotensin

AIM: To investigate the influence of experimental obstructive jaundice and exogenous bombesin (BBS) and neurotensin (NT) administration on the expression of the tight junction (TJ)-protein claudin-4 in intestinal epithelium of rats. METHODS: Forty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups:Ⅰ= controls,Ⅱ= sham operated,Ⅲ= bile duct ligation (BDL),Ⅳ= BDL BBS (30μg/kg per d),Ⅴ= BDL NT (300μg/kg per d). At the end of the experiment on d 10, endotoxin was measured in portal and aortic blood. Tissue sections of the terminal ileum were examined histologically and immunohistochemically for evaluation of claudin-4 expression in intestinal epithelium. RESULTS: Obstructive jaundice led to intestinal barrier failure demonstrated by significant portal and aortic endotoxemia. Claudin-4 expression was significantly increased in the upper third of the villi in jaundiced rats and an upregulation of its lateral distribution was noted. Administration of BBS or NT restored claudin-4 expression to the control state and significantly reduced portal and aortic endotoxemia. CONCLUSION: Experimental obstructive jaundice increases claudin-4 expression in intestinal epithelium, which may be a key factor contributing to the disruption of the mucosal barrier. Gut regulatory peptides BBS and NT can prevent this alteration and reduce portal and systemic endotoxemia.