不同类型花椰菜硫代葡萄糖苷组分与含量分析

采用HPLC法测定了3种类型15个花椰菜品种的硫代葡萄糖苷(Glucosinolates,简称硫苷)组分及含量。结果表明:供试花椰菜品种均含有9种硫苷,包括5种脂肪族硫苷:3-甲基硫氧烯丙基硫苷(Glucoiberin,IBE)、2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫苷(Progoitrin,PRO)、2-丙烯基硫苷(Sinigrin,SIN)、4-甲基硫氧丁基硫苷(Glucoraphanin,RAA)和3-丁烯基硫苷(Gluconapin,NAP);4种吲哚族硫苷:4-羟基吲哚基-3-甲基硫苷(4-Hydroxyglucobrassicin,4OH)、3-甲基吲哚基硫苷(Glucobrassicin,GBC)、4-甲氧基吲哚基-3-甲基硫苷(4-Methoxyglucobrassicin,4ME)和1-甲氧基吲哚基-3-甲基硫苷(Neoglucobrassicin,NEO)。各品种的吲哚族硫苷总含量均高于脂肪族硫苷总含量,其中NEO和GBC是花椰菜的主要硫苷组分,分别占总硫苷含量的42.61%和35.02%。不同花椰菜品种的硫苷总含量差异较大,变异范围在0.3323~4.8728μmol·g-1(FW)之间;紫花菜的总硫苷含量最高,松花菜其次,紧花菜最低。     

Dealing with the variability in biofumigation efficacy through an epidemiological framework

Biofumigation, as originally defined, is the use, in agriculture, of the toxicity of Brassica crop residues to control soilborne plant pathogens. This toxicity is specifically attributed to the release of toxic isothiocyanates, through the hydrolysis of glucosinolates present in the crop residues. This technique is considered a possible alternative to the use of pesticides, but field studies have generated conflicting data concerning the efficacy of biofumigation at field scale, limiting the use of this technique. Analytical studies based on a systematic approach involving evaluation of the potential effects of isothiocyanates can be used to address this problem in a rigorous manner. However, many recent studies have indicated that the mechanisms underlying biofumigation are much more complex than a simple toxic effect of residues. In this review, we dissect and discuss the problems encountered when trying to understand the variability in biofumigation efficacy and propose an integrative epidemiological approach to overcome these problems. This approach involves separating the effects of the different parameters of the system, such as the effects of different management phases of the biofumigant crop (i.e. the period of biofumigant crop growth and the phase during which crop residues are pulverised and incorporated into the soil) on the epidemiological mechanisms driving the development of an epidemic (density of primary inoculum and dynamics of disease progression). Finally, we propose new avenues of research into biofumigation in which the use of epidemiological tools and methods may improve our understanding of the factors underlying variation in the efficacy of biofumigant crops.     

籽粒硫苷特性对甘蓝型油菜吸收积累Cd的影响

油菜对Cd的吸收转运不仅受外源S供应的影响,且与自身S代谢关系非常密切。硫苷是影响油菜品质的重要含S次级代谢产物,而油菜籽粒硫苷含量能较好地表征油菜的硫苷特性。为了解油菜硫苷特性与油菜吸收积累Cd之间的关联,通过Cd污染土壤的大田试验,研究了不同硫苷特性甘蓝型油菜的Cd吸收积累特性。结果表明,初花期高、低硫苷油菜不同器官间Cd含量皆为根叶茎,成熟期皆为茎根壳籽粒。初花期高硫苷与低硫苷油菜对Cd的吸收积累无显著差异;而成熟期高硫苷油菜对Cd的吸收积累显著低于低硫苷油菜,高硫苷油菜成熟期根、茎、壳、籽粒Cd含量分别为3.90 mg?kg?1、4.50 mg?kg?1、0.97 mg?kg?1、0.17 mg?kg?1,低硫苷油菜则分别为4.57 mg?kg?1、5.20 mg?kg?1、1.32 mg?kg?1、0.29 mg?kg?1,比高硫苷油菜分别高17.18%(P0.05)、15.56%(P0.05)、36.08%(P0.05)、70.59%(P0.05)。成熟期高硫苷油菜壳/茎、籽粒/壳Cd转运系数分别为0.22和0.17,而低硫苷油菜分别为0.25和0.23,比高硫苷油菜分别高13.64%(P0.05)和35.29%(P0.05)。高硫苷油菜显著抑制了Cd从茎向其上位器官(壳、籽粒)的转运。研究结果还表明,低硫苷油菜与高硫苷油菜对污染土壤Cd的单季净化率分别仅为0.90%和0.76%,作为修复Cd污染土壤的富集植物,其净化效率皆有待提高。     

Non-pathogenic Fusarium strains protect the seedlings of Lepidium sativum from Pythium ultimum

Two root-colonizing Fusarium strains, Ls-F-in-4-1 and Rs-F-in-11, isolated from roots of Brassicaceae plants, induced the resistance in Lepidium sativum seedlings against Pythium ultimum. These strains caused an increase in the content of benzyl isothiocyanate, and of its precursor glucotropaeolin, in the roots of the host plants. The increased isothiocyanate content is one of the factors contributing to the resistance of L. sativum against P. ultimum. To be transformed into the fungitoxic compound benzyl isothiocyanate, glucotropaeolin has to be hydrolyzed by myrosinase, which can be produced either by plants or microorganisms. The Fusarium strain Ls-F-in-4-1 has a myrosinase activity but the strain Rs-F-in-11 has not. These results suggest that both strains are able to trigger the metabolic pathway leading to benzyl isothiocyanate production in the plant. In the case of the myrosinase-negative strain Rs-F-in-11, hydrolyzation into isothiocyanate is only due to the myrosinase activity of the plant, and in the other case, the myrosinase produced by the strain Ls-F-in-11 also would contribute to the production of isothiocyanate. This paper reports a new mode of action of non-pathogenic Fusarium strains in controlling P. ultimum.     

油菜薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷组分及含量分析

采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC）法，对30 个油菜品种薹和蕾中硫代葡萄糖苷（glucosinolate，简称硫苷）的组分及含量进行测定。结果表明：30 个油菜品种的总硫苷含量变异范围较大，在21.67～119.29 μmol·g^-1 之间；大多数油菜品种蕾中的硫苷含量高于薹，蕾中硫苷含量均值为37.26 μmol·g^-1，薹中为28.06 μmol·g^-1；薹和蕾中的硫苷组分相似，均以4- 戊烯基硫苷和2- 羟基-3- 丁烯基硫苷为主要成分，两者在薹和蕾中的含量分别占总硫苷含量的46.24%、28.52% 和45.19%、29.13%。进一步分析高、中、低硫苷含量油菜品种的硫苷组分及含量，结果表明油菜不同品种间硫苷含量的差异主要是由4- 戊烯基硫苷引起的。     

拟南芥莲座叶芥子油苷组成和含量对缺硫胁迫的响应

[目的]探讨缺硫胁迫下拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)生长到12片莲座叶时芥子油苷组成和含量的变化规律。[方法]以模式植物拟南芥为原材料,通过水培方法进行缺硫胁迫处理,采用高效液相色谱-质谱联用(HLPC-MS)法分析芥子油苷的组成和含量。[结果]缺硫胁迫处理48 h,拟南芥莲座叶中检测出7种脂肪族芥子油苷、4种吲哚族芥子油苷。缺硫胁迫对吲哚族芥子油苷含量影响不显著,对脂肪族芥子油苷含量影响显著。[结论]试验结果为探索缺硫胁迫下芥子油苷的代谢途径提供了理论依据。     

西兰苔籽中硫代葡萄糖苷酶解条件的研究及产物的鉴定

[目的]研究西兰苔籽中硫代葡萄糖苷酶解的影响因素,确定硫苷酶解的最佳条件并分析和鉴定酶解产物。[方法]以西兰苔籽粉末为材料,研究不同的温度、pH以及时间对酶水解的影响,并且利用气相色谱-质谱连用技术分析鉴定了酶解产物。[结果]酶解时间为8h,水解温度为25℃,pH值为7是最佳酶解条件。利用气象色谱-质谱连用技术分析鉴定出5种化合物,占硫苷酶解产物中挥发性化合物总量的80%。[结论]确定了西兰苔籽中硫代葡萄糖苷酶解的最佳条件,并为西兰苔籽的抗癌活性研究提供了一定的理论基础。     

大白菜BrAOP2 基因的遗传多样性及其与硫甙含量的相关性分析

以大白菜品种Chiifu 为试验材料, 采用RT-PCR 技术, 克隆了3 个硫甙合成关键基因
BrAOP2 基因的cDNA 序列（BrAOP2.1、BrAOP2.2、BrAOP2.3）。通过氨基酸同源性比对分析,BrAOP2.1
与BrAOP2.2 的同源性为78%,BrAOP2.1 与BrAOP2.3 的同源性为74%,BrAOP2.2 与BrAOP2.3 的同源
性为81%。通过32 份大白菜重测序数据分析了3 个BrAOP2 基因CDS 序列的遗传多样性,并对其与硫甙
含量的相关性进行了分析。结果表明：在32 份大白菜中共检测到7 种硫甙,其中4-戊烯基硫甙（GBN）
含量和2-羟基-3-丁烯基硫甙（PRO）含量较高,分别占总硫甙含量的23.99% 和23.16%。在BrAOP2.1
基因编码区检测到5 个变异位点,在BrAOP2.2 基因编码区检测到7 个变异位点,在BrAOP2.3 基因编码
区仅检测到1 个变异位点。其中BrAOP2.1 基因的A1051G 变异位点与PRO 含量极显著相关,BrAOP2.2
基因的A560G、C753T、A790G 和T927C 变异位点与PRO 含量显著相关,BrAOP2.2 基因的G825A 位点
与4-羟基-3-吲哚基甲基硫甙（4OH）含量显著相关。     

甘蓝型油菜叶片硫甙含量的杂种优势研究

用高效液相色谱法测定了甘蓝型油菜品种及杂交后代叶片的硫甙含量及组份，研究了两个低硫杂交组合不同时期油菜叶片硫甙总量及组份的杂种优势，进行了油菜叶片硫甙组份相关性分析，结果表明：普通油菜中油821叶片硫甙苗期含量最高，达33.15μmol/g，随后持续下降；而低硫油菜品系从越冬到现蕾逐渐升高，薹期降低，初花期又升高，盛花时降到最低；6098/1008和6098/M1两个杂交组合在薹期和花期叶片硫甙含量表现较高的负向优势，硫甙含量显著下降；两个杂交组合叶片硫苷组份中2-羟-3-丁烯、4-甲亚砜丁基、5-甲亚砜戊基、3-丁烯基、4-戊烯基等脂肪族硫苷均表现出负向优势，而芳香族硫甙和吲哚类硫甙在不同组合中优势表现不同，在6098/1008组合中仅3-吲哚甲基硫甙表现为负向优势，其他成分均表现为正向优势，在6098/M1组合中所有芳香族硫甙和吲哚类硫甙成分均表现为负向优势。