雌性克氏原螯虾性腺发育及相关系数的周年动态研究

建立了克氏原螯虾(Procam barus clarkii)生殖群体的平均体长、体重、性腺重及肝脏重的周年统计值,并利用怀卵量、抱卵量、相对繁殖力等生态学参数建立性腺发育数学模型。结果显示:雌性螯虾初始怀卵和抱卵的理论体长分别为5.6 cm和5.8 cm,理论最大怀卵量和抱卵量分别为1963粒和1136粒;通过模拟Logistic曲线,得到怀卵量随体重增长的3个关键点即始盛期、高峰期和盛末期,分别为16.87 g、36.53 g和56.18 g;雌性克氏原螯虾理论最大相对繁殖力的体长为9.22 cm,最大值为19.78粒/g;其理论最大体长为15.01 cm且当体长小于3.43 cm时性腺尚未发育。另外,本研究还分析了克氏原螯虾产卵群体的性成熟时间与结构。     

Effects of density on growth and survival of juvenile Red Swamp Crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), reared under laboratory conditions

The aim of this study was to quantify the importance of population density on the growth and survival of juvenile red swamp crayfish, Procambarus clarkii (Girard), and to understand the effects of density on both the period between moults and the increment per moult at high densities without food limitation. A laboratory experiment was performed to determine growth and survival of juvenile crayfish at five densities (20, 40, 60, 80 and 100 crayfish m^?2). Density clearly affected crayfish growth. The impact of density on final weight was higher than on total length increase, growth rate and final length (FL) (by decreasing order of effect). When comparing minimum and maximum densities, we observed that FL suffered a 34% reduction. Number of moults, mean intermoult period (IP) and survival were not significantly affected by density. Our results indicated that the IP and the percentage of increment per moult are affected by the size of crayfish before moult and we provide equations for these relations. Our findings are relevant both for crayfish aquaculture management and for the management of wild or harvested rice‐field crayfish populations.     

克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因功能初步研究

为探究硫酸软骨素N-乙酰半乳糖胺基转移酶-1（chondroitin sulfate N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase-1,CSGalNAcT-1）在克氏原螯虾免疫反应中的作用,利用RACE技术成功获得克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因完整cDNA序列,并通过荧光定量PCR分析该基因在各组织中的表达模式以及在CpG寡脱氧核苷酸（ODN）、嗜水气单胞菌和白斑综合征病毒（WSSV）刺激后的表达情况。结果显示,克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因在中肠的相对表达量最高,其次是近胃段肠,在心脏、胃、肌肉和围食道神经中的相对表达量较低。克氏原螯虾肝胰腺、血细胞中CSGalNAcT-1基因表达量在嗜水气单胞菌和WSSV刺激下呈现出下调及上调,而在注射免疫刺激剂CpG ODN后,CSGalNAcT-1基因表达水平在大部分组织中呈现上调。表明克氏原螯虾CSGalNAcT-1基因可能在抵御外界病原侵染以及增强自身免疫反应的过程中发挥重要作用。     

我国三省稻田养殖克氏原螯虾肌肉中24种微量元素含量及健康风险评价

为探讨我国稻田养殖克氏原螯虾的微量元素含量水平和食用安全性,利用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)分析了湖北、湖南和安徽3省156份稻田养殖克氏原螯虾肌肉样品中24种微量元素的含量,并采用污染指数法、暴露评估和非致癌风险评价法进行污染评价和膳食评估。结果显示,在克氏原螯虾样品的24种微量元素中,Li、Be、Tl和U这4种元素未检出,Ni、Cd和Pb这3种微量元素检出率低于50%。有16种元素含量在安徽与其他两个产地间存在显著差异,而其中5种元素在3个不同产地间存在显著差异。所有克氏原螯虾样品中,有害重金属元素As、Cu、Pb、Cd和Cr的污染指数均小于0.2,处于正常背景值水平。研究表明,21种微量元素的总目标危害系数TTHQ=3.672<10,有害元素的THQ均在可接受范围,长期食用对人群没有明显的健康风险,但营养元素Fe的摄入值得关注。     

Bacillus subtilis CK3 used as an aquatic additive probiotics enhanced the immune response of crayfish Procambarus clarkii against newly identified Aeromonas veronii pathogen

To identify the aetiology of the disease outbreak in cultured Procambarus clarkii, a dominant bacteria strain from the diseased crayfish hepatopancreas was isolated. It was identified as Aeromonas veronii based on biochemical identification and 16S rDNA sequencing. The symptoms of artificially infected crayfish were similar to those of naturally infected P. clarkii. The A. veronii was sensitive to norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime, cefuroxime and ceftriaxone antibiotics, while resistant to penicillin, ampicillin, oxacillin and piperacillin. Virulence genes such as the enterotoxin genes (act, alt and ast) and haemolytic toxin genes (hlyA and aerA) were detected. After A. veronii infection, the connections between some liver tubules disappeared, the vacuoles appeared in the brush border and the mitochondria were enlarged. The antagonistic action of previous identified B. subtilis CK3 against A. veronii was also detected. The supernatant of B. subtilis CK3 exhibits a significant bactericidal effect on A. veronii. After B. subtilis CK3 immersion, the antioxidant enzymes and immune-related enzyme activities in hepatopancreas were significantly higher than control. The accumulative mortality caused by infection of A. veronii can be significantly reduced by adding B. subtilis CK3 into the aquatic water. These results demonstrated that B. subtilis CK3 could act as a water additive to improve the immune response of P. clarkii against newly identified A. veronii. The present study will provide a new way for the prevention and control of crayfish bacterial diseases and also provide technical support for the healthy cultivation of P. clarkii.     

高植物蛋白饲料中添加蛋白酶对克氏原螯虾生长、免疫力及消化力的影响

为探讨低鱼粉高植物蛋白饲料中蛋白酶的适宜添加范围,在克氏原螯虾基础饲料中分别添加0、0.1、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 g/kg蛋白酶,制作成6组饲料。选择初始体质量为(8.18±0.11) g的克氏原螯虾,随机分为6组,每组3个重复,每个重复15尾虾,在室内养殖桶中饲养8周。结果显示,随饲料蛋白酶添加量的增加：(1)各组间存活率、肝体比、腹部含肉率均无显著差异;增重率和特定生长率均先升高后降低,且在蛋白酶添加量为0.2 g/kg时达到最大值。当蛋白酶添加量为0.4 g/kg时饲料系数最低;蛋白质效率和蛋白质沉积率分别在添加量为0.4和0.2 g/kg时达到最高值。经折线回归分析,增重率、饲料系数、蛋白质效率分别在蛋白酶添加量为0.16、0.24、0.23 g/kg时有最佳值。(2)腹部肌肉和全虾粗蛋白质含量先升高后降低最终趋于平稳,均在0.2 g/kg组有最大值。(3)肠道及肝胰腺蛋白酶、脂肪酶、淀粉酶活性均先增加后缓慢降低,均在0.2 g/kg组出现最大值,且显著高于对照组。(4)血清总蛋白含量在0.4 g/kg组出现最大值;谷草转氨酶及谷丙转氨酶活性先降低后增加,均在0.4 ...     

不同饵料培养基对克氏原螯虾池塘浮游藻类及水质的影响

【目的】筛选出适合克氏原螯虾养殖的新型饵料培养基,为开展池塘施肥养殖虾蟹提供科学依据。【方法】将不同饵料培养基（底栖饵料生物培养基、鸡粪培养基、鸡粪＋猪粪混合培养基）施入克氏原螯虾养殖池塘,每种培养基设两个重复,试验期间以视野法计数浮游藻类,并测定pH、溶解氧（DO）、氨氮、亚硝酸盐、H2S等相关水质化学指标。【结果】与其他池塘相比,施底栖饵料生物培养基池塘的蓝藻门和裸藻门种类数明显减少,硅藻门种类数极显著增加并成为优势种群（P〈0.01）;浮游藻类的Margalef丰富度指数和Shannon-Weaver多样性指数也均高于其他两种培养基。在浮游藻类生物量方面,施底栖饵料生物培养基池塘的硅藻门生物量及其所占比例分别为51.01 mg/L和44.4%,约是其他两种培养基的两倍;而裸藻门和蓝藻门的生物量及其所占比例也明显低于其他两种培养基。在水质化学指标方面,底栖饵料生物培养基能稳定水体pH,有效降低氨氮、亚硝酸盐和H2S含量。【结论】底栖饵料生物培养基可有效抑制有害蓝藻的繁殖,促进有益藻类生长并改善水质,在螯虾池塘养殖中可大面积推广应用。     

3种蛋白水平饲料对克氏螯虾生长和虾肉品质的影响

采用40%、33%、27%3种蛋白水平的配合饲料和纯菜粕(对照组)分别投喂克氏螯虾(Procambarus clar-kii)98 d,研究不同蛋白水平的饲料对克氏螯虾生长和肉质的影响。结果显示:克氏螯虾增重以27%组最高,其次是40%组、33%组,对照组最低;克氏螯虾体长增长以27%蛋白组最高,其次是33%、40%组,对照组最低;饲料系数以33%组最低,其次是27%组、40%组,对照组最高。随着饲料蛋白质含量升高,蛋白质效率呈下降的趋势。27%组出肉率、虾黄率含量最高;滴水损失40%组显著高于27%组(P<0.05);蒸煮损失27%组(P<0.01)、33%组(P<0.05)组均显著低于对照组;不同蛋白水平组间的虾肉水分含量、肉样pH值(pH1和pH2)、熟肉率、嫩度没有显著差异。试验表明克氏螯虾饲料中蛋白质水平以27%和33%比较适合。     

克氏原螯虾对几种人工洞穴的选择性

研究了在实验室内人工洞穴对克氏原螯虾存活率的影响 ,并在洞穴的质地、长度对入穴率的影响做了比较实验。研究结果表明 :有人工洞穴比自然状态下 ,螯虾的存活率提高了 6 4倍 ;螯虾更适应穴长较长的、避光、透气的人工洞穴     

淡水小龙虾头中甲壳素的EDTA法提取工艺研究

以淡水小龙虾头为原料,采用EDTA法提取甲壳素,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验筛选最佳工艺条件。试验结果表明:以13%的EDTA溶液作提取溶剂,在反应温度30℃、pH 12、投料比1∶15、反应25 min的条件下,提取效果最佳,提取率达24.05%,反应前后的脱钙和脱蛋白率分别为100.0%和98.6%。