钨合金的磨削加工去除机理

目的 解决钨合金磨削加工去除机理不明晰的问题。方法 基于单磨粒刻划有限元仿真、单磨粒刻划和磨削加工实验，探究钨合金的磨削加工去除机理。结果 在刻划过程中，划痕的不同位置材料的去除特性存在显著差异。在单颗粒刻划切入端，材料依次发生了塑性变形、隆起、微裂纹，再到钨相与黏结相的混杂交融。在划痕中段以材料去除为主，出现了材料微卷起和材料卷起现象，沿着刻划方向卷起现象越来越严重。在划痕切出端，划痕边缘和尾部均出现了“飞边”现象，且相较于切入端，切出端的形貌较差，实验与仿真吻合。此外，在不同相位处，材料的去除特性也存在一定不同。在钨相区域，同时存在脆性特征和塑性特征。在黏结相区域，刻划深度较浅时主要呈现塑性变形、塑性流动等特征，刻划中端深度较大时主要呈现与钨相的混杂和交融。在钨相与黏结相的相界处，相邻钨颗粒呈现不同的损伤或去除特征，且相界会阻断特征形貌的传递。最后，磨削后的钨合金表面存在单颗粒刻划痕上出现的所有去除特征，与单颗粒划痕的去除特征吻合。不同的是，磨削后划痕底部出现了区域性和放射状的裂纹。结论 钨合金的两相特性使得磨削表面的去除特征较复杂，存在塑性变形、微裂纹、微卷起、卷起、裂纹和两相交...     

Elastic stress field model and micro-crack evolution for isotropic brittle materials during single grit scratching

An analytical model for the elastic stress field in isotropic hard and brittle materials during scratching is presented. The model considers the entire elastic stress field and the effect of material densification that was ignored in past studies, and is developed under a cylindrical coordinate system to make the modeling process simpler. Based on the model's predictions, the location and sequence of crack nucleation are estimated and the associated mechanisms are discussed. A single grit scratching experiment with an increasing scratch depth up to 2 µm is conducted for two types of optical glasses representing isotropic brittle materials: fused silica and BK7 glasses. It is found that the model's predictions correlate well with experimental data. Median cracks are found to be formed first during scratching, and the corresponding depth of the scratch sets the basis for determining the critical depth for brittle to ductile machining. Lateral cracks are initiated in the plastic yielding region and deflect to the work surface to cause material removal, while Hertzian cracks interact with lateral cracks to help remove lateral-cracked material. Furthermore, it is found that, owing to its open network molecular structure, fused silica has a much worse ductile machinability than the BK7 glass.     

Controlled material removal mode and depth of micro cracks in precision grinding of fused silica – A theoretical model and experimental verification

A critical function for crack propagation for the single grit scratching of fused silica is developed based on the fracture mechanics. The effects of original crack density on the surface, strain rate and grinding coolant are considered in the function. A theoretical model for controlled material removal mode and depth of micro cracks precision grinding is presented based on the critical function for crack propagation. It can be predicted by the model that the material removal mode in the grinding of fused silica with original cracks damage will change from a ductile mode to a semi-brittle mode, a full-brittle mode and a semi-brittle mode in sequence with the increasing single grit scratching depth. It was found that the micro crack damage depth of fused silica does not increase with the single grit scratching depth after a full brittle mode grinding and it is always smaller than that after a semi brittle mode grinding even with a smaller single grit scratching depth. These interesting results are explained by the fracture mechanics. The ductile mode grinding is a recognized desirable process of fabricating fused silica while the full-brittle grinding is also a feasible process for its shallow subsurface damage, high efficiency, low grinding force and energy consumption. Therefore, the depth of micro cracks after grinding can be controlled by choosing suitable grinding parameters. Grinding experiments are conducted on fused silica. The undeformed chip thickness of randomly distributed effective grits is simulated based on 3D reconstruction of wheel topography to reveal the relationship between the grinding parameters and the single grit scratching depth. Ground surface roughness, sub-surface damage (SSD) depth and grinding force are measured and discussed. It is shown that the model predictions correlate well with the experimental trend of grinding modes.     

AFM Scratching for Adhesion Studies of Thin Polymer Coatings on Steel

Abstract

Atomic force miscroscopy (AFM) scratching at constant applied forces was used to quantify the adhesion of polymer coatings to cold rolled steel (CRS) and to study the effectiveness of a pretreatment for improving the adhesion. The pretreatment was a phosphate-free zirconia-based coating. Thin layers of commercially available epoxy, acrylic and polyester-based polymer coatings, were applied to polished or pretreated cold rolled steel substrates and the surface was scratched at the edge of the polymer coatings with the AFM tip at increasing values of normal loads until the coating was removed. Adhesion strengths were determined from the minimum tip-sample interaction force and number of cycles (scans) at a particular applied force. The pretreatment significantly improved adhesion of the epoxy and acrylic-based coatings on CRS. Adhesion of the acrylic-based coating was found to be better than the epoxy coatings on the bare as well as pretreated steel. Adhesive strength of the polyester-based coating was inconclusive because it was very easily removed on application of small forces using the AFM tip. The AFM scratching technique was found to provide a quick, easy and effective way to make quantifiable comparisons in relative adhesive strengths of polymer coatings and the effect of pretreatments.     

电动机常见故障与处理方法

大部分电机属于老式电动机,使用年限较长,电机烧毁的事故常有发生,而且呈上升趋势,无法长期可靠运行,严重影响着生产、生活的安全。通过作者多年积累的电机维护、维修的经验,针对一些电动机最常见的绕组故障、机械故障以及相应判断、处理做以简单介绍。     

大跨径梁式桥的主要病害形式及病害原因

从混凝土徐变、设计、施工周期、施工质量、挠度加大几方面分析了跨中下挠的原因,并提出了预防对策,同时对斜裂缝、垂直裂缝、纵向裂缝出现的原因进行了分析,并对其预防对策分别进行了阐述,以保证梁式桥的正常使用质量。     

混流式喷水推进泵叶轮刮擦故障诊断方法

针对喷水推进泵的叶顶间隙过大或者过小都会影响喷水推进船航速的问题,提出一种利用泵壳体振动和输入轴力矩参量对叶轮刮擦故障进行识别的方法。在介绍混流式喷水推进泵叶轮径向摩擦振动机理的基础上,对装有2台喷泵的某高速巡逻艇的实船试航,通过获取的靠近叶轮的壳体振动信号以及输入轴力矩信号分析,得到了具体的故障特征指标。该分析结果为使用人员及时对这类异常状态做出快速、准确的判断,及时调整叶轮安装的状态以防止更大事故的发生提供了参考。     

基于划痕试验的碳纤维/环氧树脂复合材料制孔毛刺与撕裂缺陷形成机制

碳纤维/环氧树脂（C/EP）复合材料制孔毛刺和撕裂缺陷,对构件的装配精度影响较大。为了揭示C/EP复合材料制孔毛刺和撕裂缺陷的形成机制,采用微米划痕试验研究沿不同纤维方向切削加工时材料的破坏去除过程,并用FEI公司Quanta 200 环境扫描电镜对划切后的沟槽及切屑的形貌进行观察分析。结果表明：当划切方向与纤维方向垂直时,划切力最大,较易产生撕裂缺陷;当划切方向与纤维方向呈30°、45°和60°时,划痕左侧纤维受到压头挤压向左退让并弯曲,产生锯齿形断裂,否则形成毛刺;划痕右侧纤维为避让压头发生较大的弯曲变形,纤维断裂均匀,不容易形成毛刺。理论分析和划痕试验结果表明：制孔加工时,纤维方向与刀具旋转方向成钝角的区域容易产生毛刺缺陷,与刀具旋转方向成锐角的区域边缘光滑,与刀具旋转方向垂直的区域容易形成撕裂缺陷;出口缺陷与试验结果一致。     

鞍钢B级钢帘线盘条轧制工艺研究

根据钢帘线盘条对脱碳、氧化铁皮、金相组织、力学性能和表面质量的要求,制定了鞍钢B级钢帘线盘条轧制工艺,通过提高加热钢坯温度的控制精度,优化吐丝温度、吐丝圈径、辊道速度及佳灵装置开口度,减少在轧制、集卷、打包、装卸、堆放和运输等环节的表面划伤,生产出符合技术标准要求的B级钢帘线盘条,满足了用户需求。