青岛地区近岸海水和几种海产品中付溶血性弧菌的调查分析(英文)

付溶血性弧菌(Vibrio parahaemolyticus)是水产品中的一种重要食物中毒菌,它在沿岸海水和海产动物体上都有广泛的分布。本文报告了青岛地区近岸海水和几种常见水产品污染了该菌的情况。在检测方法上,改进了一种选择性较强的培养基(SAC),经实验表明,SAC培养基较其他常用的几种培养基对付溶血性弧菌检出的阳性率和灵敏度均较高,与普通采用的TCBS法比较,x~2=4.28,ρ<0.05,有显著效果的意义。青岛近岸海水中付溶血性弧菌的平均出现率为63.25—463CFU/100ml,生鲜的水产食品中平均含有745～6900CFU/100g,其中贝类含量最多,季节性和海区对其检出率有明显影响,夏季检出率最高,冬季最低,对不同方法所检出的菌株,选出部分作了它们的主要生理、生化特性的鉴定,并与参考菌株对比,证实SAC法检出的菌株有85％以上的株数符合付溶血性弧菌的特征,而TCBS法所检出菌株只有55％的真实性。并初步证明,这是一种温血动物和冷血动物的共患菌。     

Further action on bycatch could boost United States fisheries performance

This paper examines the sustainability of United States fisheries managed under the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, the law that provides the framework for federal fisheries management. Sustainability across a broad suite of criteria, including health of the fished stock, bycatch, and effects on the habitat and ecosystem, was measured against the Monterey Bay Aquarium׳s Seafood Watch criteria for ecological sustainability. Seafood Watch ratings and numerical scores for U.S. federally managed fisheries were analyzed to elucidate strengths and weaknesses among federally-managed fisheries. Of U.S. federally managed fisheries assessed by Seafood Watch, only 2% are rated “Avoid”, and strong ratings for stock health for nearly all fisheries indicate that the Magnuson-Stevens Act is fundamentally succeeding at maintaining or rebuilding the abundance of targeted stocks. The majority (79%) of U.S. fisheries earn the intermediate rating of “Good Alternative”, and 19% earn the top rating of “Best Choice”. Given that U.S. fisheries management is considered among the strongest in the world, this analysis assesses why the majority of U.S. fisheries are not rated “Best Choice”. Fisheries for all variety of species, and using a wide range of fishing methods, can merit “Best Choice” status. However, the majority of U.S. fisheries do not achieve this rating due primarily to bycatch concerns. By improving performance with regard to bycatch, most “Good Alternative” U.S. federal fisheries could reach “Best Choice” status and reap rewards in the marketplace for that recognition. Findings suggest that current science-based management should be maintained in the Magnuson-Stevens Act reauthorization, managers should adopt best practices based on fisheries that are already performing well in the U.S., and more specific federal bycatch mitigation requirements should be implemented.     

霞浦核电基地海洋生物放射性本底水平及辐射剂量评价

为掌握霞浦核电基地海洋生物的放射性本底水平,在其周边50 km范围内采集5类9种海洋生物样品,测量其中的天然放射性核素238U、232Th、226Ra、40K,以及人工放射性核素137Cs、134Cs、90Sr、58Co、60Co、54Mn、110mAg、65Zn的活度浓度并进行辐射剂量评价。结果显示,所有样品中134Cs、58Co、60Co、54Mn、110mAg、65Zn的活度浓度均低于最小可探测活度浓度,238U、232Th、226Ra、40K、137Cs和90Sr的平均活度浓度分别为(0.48±0.48)、(0.86±1.20)、(0.27±0.34)、(74.3±43.0)、(0.023±0.019)、(0.242±0.167) Bq/kg,处于我国食品天然放射性本底水平内。当地公众由于食入海产品所致年有效剂量为55.1 μSv/a,其中137Cs、90Sr所致剂量分别为0.021、0.49 μSv/a;海洋生物所受辐射剂量为0.048~0.276 μSv/h。〖JP2〗当地公众及海洋生物所受辐射剂量均远低于国家标准限值或国际推荐控制值。本次调查为霞浦核电厂运行前海洋生物放射性本底建立了基线数据,并提出了今后海洋生物监测的重点核素,除137Cs、134Cs、90Sr、58Co、60Co、54Mn、110mAg、65Zn,还应增加对3H、14C、131I的监测。     

Putting the seafood in sustainable food systems

Increasing attention by consumers to the social and environmental dimensions of the food they eat has generated many different responses, including certification programs, watch lists and local/slow food movements. This article examines the more recent entry of seafood into these consumer social movements. Although a concern with the family farm—as well as tendency to equate national security with food security—has long connected terrestrial food production with other cultural concerns, fisheries have tended to be regarded more as natural resources. Considering seafood as part of the “food system” would enhance the management of fisheries, while the long engagement in fisheries with co- and adaptive management and the politics of knowledge would enrich the debate in the agri-foods literature. The article also offers suggestions on how fisheries management could better govern for sustainable food systems, and provides further ideas about food, sustainability and governance.     

摄食高胆固醇水产品对小鼠脂质代谢的影响

本研究采用添加10%不同水产品蛋白的标准饲料或高胆固醇饲料喂食小鼠,研究高胆固醇水产品对小鼠脂质代谢的影响。通过测定小鼠血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白(HDL-c)的浓度以及肝脏TC、TG和磷脂(PL)的含量,同时称量小鼠体质量、肝脏、肾脏重量以及肾周脂肪和精巢上部脂肪重量,以评价不同蛋白质对小鼠成长的影响,并收集了高胆固醇血症模型小鼠的排泄物并测定其总脂质和中性固醇的排泄量。结果显示,水产品作为优质蛋白质能明显降低正常小鼠和高胆固醇血症模型小鼠的血清总脂水平(P<0.05)以及动脉粥样硬化指数(P<0.05),不同水产品对小鼠肝脂水平及高胆固醇血症小鼠排泄物中总脂质和中性固醇的排泄量的影响因水产品种类而不同。提示本研究中的高胆固醇水产品对由高胆固醇血症引发的动脉粥样硬化不具有危害性。     

Towards the economic viability of local seafood programs: Key features for the financial performance of community supported fisheries

Community supported fishery (CSF) programs are emerging as appealing alternatives to large-scale industrial fisheries for some seafood consumers and commercial fishers. While CSFs provide many social, economic, and environmental benefits to their local communities, the associated financial costs can make it difficult for such programs to remain solvent. The goal of this research was to identify specific features that influence the financial performance of CSF programs. Using data collected online and from surveys of past and current North American CSFs, this research identified a combination of three key features associated with positive profit margins: engaging in social media, offering a retail option, and having a fisher as a founding member. The potential reasons behind the influence of these features on financial performance is explored, and recommendations for how they can be incorporated into CSF programs are presented. It is hoped that through integrating these features, prospective and currently operating CSFs could potentially improve their long-term financial performance, enabling them to focus on their non-financial goals and increase their overall economic viability.     

The end of shark finning? Impacts of declining catches and fin demand on coastal community livelihoods

For several decades, fishing sharks for their fins has provided important livelihoods for eastern Indonesian coastal communities that fish the Halmahera, Arafura and Timor Seas. Fishery and interview data collected in 2012-13 from three case studies on the islands of Seram, Aru and Rote were used to examine changes in shark fishers’ livelihoods over the preceding 20 years. While recent declines in catches and shark fin prices have had a substantial impact on fishers’ livelihoods, the fishery's low visibility in some areas of its geographic range and its political complexity in general have meant that government and international development agencies have largely been unaware of this impact. Many respondents remembered the Asian Financial Crisis in 1997-98 and the turn of the millennium as a time when sharks were still abundant and shark fin prices high, but were concerned about the on-going fall of shark fin prices since March 2012. High-value species, particularly guitarfish, hammerhead and sandbar sharks were most affected, losing up to 40% of their pre-2012 value. These changes, combined with the loss of fishing grounds, few attractive options for alternative income and restrictive debt relationships with shark fin bosses, have led some fishers to resort to high-risk activities such as blast fishing, illegal transboundary fishing, and people smuggling. This paper examines the multi-layered causes and consequences of fishers’ decision-making in response to adverse changes in their fishery, and explores options and obstacles to pursuing livelihoods that carry lower environmental, financial and personal risks.     

Occurrence and distribution of vibrios in fishes and shellfishes in coastal waters of Hong Kong

INTRODUCTIONTheoccurrenceanddistributionofhalophilicvibriosinthecoastalwatersofHongKonghasbeenrePorted(Chanetal.,l986).Theresultsshowedthatvibrioswerepresentduringthesum-mermonthsinHongKongcoastalwatersatconcentrationsof9oto67ooind./cm3,accountingo.4l%~4o%ofthetotalbacterialPOpulationofthe48isolatesexaminedindetail.Theyob-servedV.Paraheamolyticus,V.harvha,V.vulnfficus,V.camPbelliandV.fiuvialis.Becausemanyofthevibri0species,includingsome0ftheisolatesbyChanetal.(1986)fromHongKongwate…     

Organochlorines in Hong Kong Fish

Muscle samples from 15 species of fish (n=1) purchased from markets in Hong Kong and 10 liver samples of tilapia (Tilapia mossambica) collected from the Shing Mun River were analysed for organochlorines (polychlorinated biphenyls, ΣDDTs, hexachlorobenzene, hexachlorocyclohexanes, chlordanes, mirex and dieldrin). Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were detected in 15 market fish samples but the levels were very low (around 1 ng g⁻¹). PCB levels in tilapia livers collected from Tai Wai (29.3–65.1 ng g⁻¹) were higher than those from Fo Tan (3.5–23.2 ng g⁻¹) suggesting that there may be some local point soucres. ΣDDTs were detected in all samples, ranging from 3.3 to 75.6 ng g⁻¹ in the market fish and from 7.1 to 88.8 ng g⁻¹ in tilapia. The DDE/DDT ratios in the market fish (0.12–0.75) showed higher variability than those of tilapia (0.30–0.46), suggesting that some of the market fish may have been collected from areas where DDT was recently used. Results of this preliminary study show that organochlorine levels in Hong Kong market fish are low and do not cause any concern for human consumption. An on-going monitoring program, however, is recommended.     

荣成湾14种海洋经济生物体中的重金属水平与食用风险初步评价

本文以荣成湾近岸海域14种经济生物体为研究对象,运用电感耦合等离子体质谱法(ICP-MS)和原子荧光光谱法(AFS)对其体内Cu、Pb、Zn、Cd、Cr、Hg和As等7种重金属的含量进行了测定,采用单因子污染指数法(SFI)和金属污染指数法(MPI)对重金属污染程度和食用安全质量进行了评价,在此基础上,以日摄食量(DI)和目标危害系数(THQ)为考量指标,评估了人体摄食可能存在的健康风险。结果表明,14种经济生物体重金属平均含量ZnCuCrAsPbCdHg,7种重金属含量在14种经济生物体中存在一定的差异。对比海洋生物质量国家标准,14种经济生物体中Pb与部分贝类生物体中Zn和Cr稍有超标,8种经济生物体中总As和1种生物体中Pb含量超出人体消费卫生标准。人体暴露风险评估表明,红螺、三疣梭子蟹、星鳗、高眼鲽和棒锥螺中Pb和As的THQ大于1,摄食其有潜在的非致癌健康风险。综合研究结果提示,在人体正常摄食海产品水平下,不存在大的食品安全风险。