包膜活性炭吸附血液灌流清除人血浆中毒鼠强的实验

目的:观察包膜活性炭对血浆中毒鼠强的清除率及吸附规律。方法:实验于2004-05/2006-04在军事医学科学院毒物药物研究所国家重点实验室完成。采用包膜活性炭灌流器对毒鼠强血浆样进行血液灌流吸附,在灌流的1,2,3h分别取样,经乙酸乙酯萃取后,用气相色谱氮磷检测器法(GC/NPD)测定其含量并计算清除率。结果:活性炭对毒鼠强的吸附作用在血液灌流1h最高,灌流2h后毒鼠强质量浓度无明显变化。400,200μg/L毒鼠强血液灌流1h清除率分别为(57.83±1.85)%,(48.18±1.81)%。结论:用包膜活性炭吸附剂进行血浆的灌流吸附,能清除大部分毒物,迅速降低血浆中毒鼠强的质量浓度。     

血液灌流结合连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过对急性百草枯中毒疗效的研究

Objective To explore the therapic effects of hemoperfusion (HP) with continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on the patients with acute paraquat poisoning. Methods Nighty-one patients with acute paraquat poisoning were randomly divided into HP group (49 cases) and HP-CVVH group(42 cases). The mortality, survival duration and the death causes between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in mortality (59.2% versus 61.9%) between the two groups. The mean time between poisoning and death in HP-CVVH group was (4.9±3.1) days, which was significantly longer than that (3.5 ±2.0) days in HP group (P＜0.05).The death proportion on 4th day after poisoning in HP group was 62.1%(18/29), which was significantly higher than that (30.8%, 8/26) in HPCVVH group (P＜0.05). The hypoxia appeared in 4.3±2.5 days after poisoning in HP-CVVH group, which was significantly longer than that (3.2±1.9) days in HP group (P＜0.05). The mortality due to respiratory failure in HP group was 20.4%(10/49),which was significantly lower than that (40.5%, 17/42) in HP-CVVH group (P＜0.05). The incidence of acute renal failure in HP group was 63.3%(31/49), which was significantly higher than that (40.5%,17/42) in HP-CVYH group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The combined therapy of HP and CVVH can prevent the patients with acute paraquat poisoning from early death and prolong the survival duration, but can not reduce mortality for the patients with acute paraquat poisoning.     

急性砷化氢中毒五例报道

我们于１９９８年６月同时收治５例砷化氢中毒患者，治疗期间均行肾穿刺检查。结合有关资料，我们重点讨论砷化氢中毒肾脏病理改变、发生机制及其对临床诊治的意义。一、病例资料１．临床资料：北京平谷县农民岳××等５人（以下分称为Ａ、Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ、Ｅ）在无劳动保护条件下，先后在同一作坊以土法炼金。５人均不同程度地吸入有毒气体砷化氢。Ｂ、Ｃ、Ｄ患者于接触毒气后５小时发病；Ａ患者于接触毒气后１２小时发病；Ｅ患者于接触毒气后２０小时发病。５例患者均有不同程度的恶心、呕吐、上腹痛、腰痛，无意识障碍。发热４例，茶色尿２例…     

成功救治重度百草枯中毒并发纵隔气肿一例

患者男,19 岁,因"恶心、呕吐2.5 h"于2010 年7 月16 日22∶50 入院.2.5 h 前患者因生气自服20%百草枯溶液约50 ml,当即出现恶心、呕吐.10 min 后被送至当地医院,经洗胃、活性炭灌胃及补液等治疗后转至我院.查咽部及舌体轻度红肿,余未见异常.毒检示(服毒后2.5 h):血液中百草枯浓度为2.2 μg/ml;动脉血气分析、血常规、肝肾功能、血淀粉酶均正常.     

急性重度甲硝唑中毒致药物性肝炎救治成功一例

患者女,28岁。自服甲硝唑200片,0.2g/片,共40g。被家人发现后立即送入当地医院。患者诉头晕、乏力、恶心,伴呕吐。给予肌注纳洛酮0.4mg,止吐、保肝及对症治疗,患者症状无改善,恶心、呕吐明显、伴有腹泻,为进一步诊治来我院。入院体检:T37.2℃,P80次/min,R20次/min,BP142/80mmHg     

早期大剂量甲泼尼龙联合环孢素A冲击治疗对口服百草枯中毒患者预后的影响

目的 观察早期大剂量甲泼尼龙联合环孢素A冲击治疗对口服百草枯(PQ)中毒患者病死率、肺纤维化发生率的影响.方法 38例口服PQ中毒患者除常规给予洗胃、血液灌流等治疗外,早期给予大剂量糖皮质激素联合免疫抑制剂(环孢素A)冲击治疗.定期监测动脉血气分析、胸部CT、肝肾功能等指标.分析口服PQ中毒患者的病死率、肺纤维化的发生率.结果 38例PQ中毒患者中死亡13例,病死率为34.2%,其中12例患者在服毒后1周内死于多器官功能衰竭,另1例死于肺纤维化.25例存活者中,有18例在住院期间发生不同程度的氧合下降,其中17例胸部CT提示肺部间质性改变,13例出现两个以上脏器(肺、肝、肾)功能损伤.25例存活患者出院后随访1个月未诉特殊不适.结论 早期大剂量甲泼尼龙联合环孢素A冲击治疗可改善PQ中毒患者的预后,但进一步明确此方法 的疗效需开展大样本的随机、双盲对照研究.     

心肌线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道开放保护线粒体结构和功能

目的　评价线粒体ATP敏感性钾通道 (mitoKATP)开放剂二氮嗪对缺氧心肌线粒体结构和功能的影响。方法　异丙肾上腺素 (ISO)皮下注射诱发大鼠心肌缺氧损伤 ,观察二氮嗪对线粒体呼吸控制比 (RCR)、膜流动性、磷脂酶A2 和磷脂含量的影响。结果　ISO皮下注射诱发大鼠心肌缺氧损伤后 ,与对照组比较线粒体RCR降低了 2 0 8% (P <0 0 1) ,膜流动性降低了 9 1% (P <0 0 5 ) ,磷脂酶A2 活性增加了14 4 5 % (P <0 0 1) ,磷脂含量下降了 37 5 % (P <0 0 5 ) ,二氮嗪预防性给药后可改善RCR、膜流动性和磷脂含量。结论　二氮嗪可保护心肌缺氧损伤后线粒体膜结构和功能的完整     

二氮嗪对异丙肾上腺素诱发的大鼠心肌缺血损伤的保护作用

目的 :评价线粒体三磷酸腺苷敏感性钾通道 (mitoKATP)开放剂二氮嗪 (diazoxide ,Diaz)对大鼠心肌缺血损伤的保护作用。　　方法 :选用Wistar大鼠 3 6只 ,分为对照组 8只、异丙肾上腺素 (ISO)组 10只、二氮嗪 10mg/kg组 9只和二氮嗪2 0mg/kg组 9只。用ISO 5mg/kg皮下注射复制大鼠心肌缺血损伤模型 ,2 4h后采血测定血清乳酸脱氢酶 (LDH)和肌酸激酶 (CK)活性及乳酸含量 ,同时监测心电图、血压和心率的变化 ,并观察心肌组织形态学改变。　　结果 :ISO引起大鼠心肌缺血损伤时 ,ISO组与对照组比较 ,血清LDH、CK活性和乳酸含量明显增加 ,有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1) ,组织形态学也发生明显改变 ,心肌细胞损伤严重 ,有极显著性差异 (P <0 0 1)。预先口服二氮嗪 10～ 2 0mg/kg可逆转血清LDH、CK和乳酸的升高 ,有显著性差异 (P <0 0 5～ 0 0 1) ,减轻心肌细胞损伤程度。二氮嗪 10mg/kg不影响收缩压和心率。　　结论 :二氮嗪对ISO诱发的大鼠心肌缺血损伤具有保护作用     

血液灌流结合连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过对急性百草枯中毒疗效的研究

目的 探讨血液灌流(hemoperfusion,HP)结合连续性静脉-静脉血液滤过(continuous venovenous hemofiltration,CVVH)对于急性百草枯中毒患者的疗效.方法 急性百草枯中毒患者91例随机分成HP组(49例)和HP后给予CVVH治疗组(HP-CVVH组,42例),比较两组患者的病死率、存活时间和死亡原因.结果 HP组病死率为59.2%(29/49),HP-CVVH组为61.9%(26/42),两组比较,差异无统计学意义(χ2=0.070,P=0.791).HP-CVVH组患者中毒至死亡时间为(4.9±3.1)d,明显长于HP组[(3.5±2.0)d],差异有统计学意义(t=2.026,P=0.049).HP组和HP-CVVH组中毒后4 d内死亡构成比分别为62.1%(18/29)和30.8%(8/26),HP组和HP-CVVH组中毒至死亡＞4 d的构成比分别为37.9%(11/29)和69.2%(18/26),差异有统计学意义(χ2=5.388,P=0.020).HP-CVVH组患者出现中毒至低氧血症时间为(4.3±2.5)d,明显长于HP组[(3.2±1.9)d],差异有统计学意义(t=2.033,P=0.047).HP组呼吸衰竭导致死亡的发生率为20.4%(10/49),明显低于HP-CVVH组(40.5%,17/42),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.365,P=0.037);HP组患者急性肾衰竭的发生率为63.3%(31/49),明显高于HP-CVVH组(40.5%,17/42),差异有统计学意义(χ2=4.712,P=0.030).结论 HP结合CVVH可减少急性百草枯中毒的早期死亡,延长病死患者的存活时间,降低急性肾衰竭的发生率,但无法降低总体病死率.

Abstract：

Objective To explore the therapic effects of hemoperfusion (HP) with continuous venovenous hemofiltration (CVVH) on the patients with acute paraquat poisoning. Methods Nighty-one patients with acute paraquat poisoning were randomly divided into HP group (49 cases) and HP-CVVH group(42 cases). The mortality, survival duration and the death causes between the two groups were compared and analyzed. Results There were no significant differences in mortality (59.2% versus 61.9%) between the two groups. The mean time between poisoning and death in HP-CVVH group was (4.9±3.1) days, which was significantly longer than that (3.5 ±2.0) days in HP group (P＜0.05).The death proportion on 4th day after poisoning in HP group was 62.1%(18/29), which was significantly higher than that (30.8%, 8/26) in HPCVVH group (P＜0.05). The hypoxia appeared in 4.3±2.5 days after poisoning in HP-CVVH group, which was significantly longer than that (3.2±1.9) days in HP group (P＜0.05). The mortality due to respiratory failure in HP group was 20.4%(10/49),which was significantly lower than that (40.5%, 17/42) in HP-CVVH group (P＜0.05). The incidence of acute renal failure in HP group was 63.3%(31/49), which was significantly higher than that (40.5%,17/42) in HP-CVYH group (P＜0.05). Conclusion The combined therapy of HP and CVVH can prevent the patients with acute paraquat poisoning from early death and prolong the survival duration, but can not reduce mortality for the patients with acute paraquat poisoning.     

群体性突发化学中毒的院内救治

群体性突发化学中毒事件有别于一般突发公共卫生事件，中毒人员存在毒物沾染需要立即洗消，同时常合并外伤和（或）心脑血管急诊，伤员伤情复杂，如处置不当易造成毒物二次污染、救治秩序混乱、大批中毒患者得不到及时有效的诊治。但由于化学中毒本身无相应的分类、诊断标准及专业性技术处置方案，普通综合性医院缺乏处置此类事件的经验，专业资源短缺等原因，化学中毒的院内救治尚处于研究和探索阶段。