Functionally substituted tetramethylcyclopentadienes: Synthesis of 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene and its use in the synthesis of an organometallic polymer

Reaction of 2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopent-2-enone (1) withp-LiC₆H₄OC-Me₂OMe, followed by treatment with aqueous acid afforded 1-(p-hydroxyphenyl)-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene (2). This new ligand was then used in the synthesis of the functionally substituted organomolybdenum reagent (⁵-C₅Me₄-p-C₆H₅OH)Mo(CO)₂(NO) (3). Treatment of a preformed 1/1 styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer ( ) with 5 mol% 3 led to chemical incorporation of the organometallic species into the polymer. The final product contained 3 mol% of the organometallic moiety.     

Sex typing and androgyny: further explorations of the expressive domain

Previous research by Bem has indicated that androgynous individuals of both sexes display "masculine" independence when under pressure to conform as well as "feminine" nurturance when interacting with a kitten. In contrast, sex-typed individuals were low in one or both of these behaviors. The two studies reported here were designed to replicate the low nurturance of the masculine male and to clarify the unexpected finding that feminine females were low in both independence and nurturance. In the first study subjects interacted with a human infant, and in the second study they listened to a lonely student. Taken together, the results of these two studies conceptually replicated the low nurturance of the masculine male and demonstrated that the low nurturance of the feminine female does not extend to her interaction with humans. Finally, evidence was presented in support of Spence, Helmreich, and Stapp's distinction between "androgynous" individuals, who are high in both masculinity and feminity, and "undifferentiated" individuals, who are low in both of these characteristics.     

Must psychologists change the way they analyze their data?

Wagenmakers, Wetzels, Borsboom, and van der Maas (2011) argued that psychologists should replace the familiar “frequentist” statistical analyses of their data with Bayesian analyses. To illustrate their argument, they reanalyzed a set of psi experiments published recently in this journal by Bem (2011), maintaining that, contrary to his conclusion, his data do not yield evidence in favor of the psi hypothesis. We argue that they have incorrectly selected an unrealistic prior distribution for their analysis and that a Bayesian analysis using a more reasonable distribution yields strong evidence in favor of the psi hypothesis. More generally, we argue that there are advantages to Bayesian analyses that merit their increased use in the future. However, as Wagenmakers et al.'s analysis inadvertently revealed, they contain hidden traps that must be better understood before being more widely substituted for the familiar frequentist analyses currently employed by most research psychologists. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2011 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further déjà vu in the search for cross-situational consistency: A response to Mischel and Peake.

W. Mischel and P. Peake (see record 1983-05642-001) criticized recent proposals for addressing the issue of cross-situational variability in behavior. The present author argues that Mischel and Peake misrepresent the links between the empirical studies they discuss and the methodological or conceptual strategies they criticize. In particular, they distorted the raison d'être of the author and D. C. Funder's (see record 1979-28632-001) template-matching technique and misapprehended the author and A. Allen's (see record 1975-04252-001) argument for an idiographic, or person-centered, approach to personality. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Moving away from the world: Life-course patterns of shy children.

What are the life-course sequelae of childhood shyness? Using archival data from the Berkeley Guidance Study (Macfarlane, Allen, & Honzik, 1954), we identified individuals who were shy and reserved in late childhood and traced the continuities and consequences of this behavioral style across the subsequent 30 years of their lives. Shy boys were more likely than their peers to delay entry into marriage, parenthood, and stable careers; to attain less occupational achievement and stability; and—when late in establishing stable careers—to experience marital instability. Shy girls were more likely than their peers to follow a conventional pattern of marriage, childbearing, and homemaking. Results are compared with those from our parallel study of childhood ill-temperedness (Caspi, Elder, & Bem, 1987). Despite differences between shyness ("moving away from the world") and ill-temperedness ("moving against the world"), both persist across the life course through the progressive accumulation of their own consequences (cumulative continuity) and by their tendency to evoke maintaining responses from others during reciprocal social interaction (interactional continuity). (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is EBE theory supported by the evidence? Is it androcentric? A reply to Peplau et al. (1998).

In their critique of the author's Exotic-Becomes-Erotic (EBE) theory of sexual orientation (D. J. Bem, see record 1996-01742-006), L. A. Peplau, L. D. Garnets, L. R. Spalding, T. D. Conley, and R. C. Veniegas (see record 1998-01102-009) challenge his reading of the evidence concerning the antecedents of sexual orientation; they also contend that the theory neglects women's experiences. In reply, the author argues that L. A. Peplau et al. have misunderstood the critical antecedent variable of the theory and, hence, have misidentified the particular empirical findings that would serve to confirm or disconfirm its central contentions. The author also argues that the sex differences they cite are not relevant to the theory, whereas an important sex difference they do not cite is actually anticipated by it. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Life course sequelae of childhood shyness in Sweden: Comparison with the United States.

Using data from a Swedish longitudinal project, we predicted timing of marriage and parenthood and age-35 career success from mother-rated shyness in 8–10 year old children. Results are compared with those previously found for Americans. Like shy American boys, shy Swedish boys married and became fathers later than nonshy boys. Unlike American boys, Swedish boys' adult careers were not affected by shyness. Like shy American girls, shy Swedish girls later married and became mothers at the same time as their peers. However, they also attained lower levels of education than nonshy girls. Results suggest that the life consequences of shyness depend upon its culturally defined gender and situation appropriateness. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Sex typing and androgyny in dyadic interaction: Individual differences in responsiveness to physical attractiveness.

In an expansion of the "behavioral confirmation" paradigm developed by M. Snyder et al (see record 1979-26014-001), 12 sex-typed and 12 androgynous (Bem Sex-Role Inventory) undergraduates of each sex engaged in getting-acquainted telephone conversations with allegedly attractive and unattractive members of their own and the opposite sex. Although females were more socially responsive than males, the sexes neither differed in their responsiveness to physical attractiveness nor in their responsiveness to cross-sex and same-sex interaction. As hypothesized, sex-typed individuals were rated by blind judges as being significantly more responsive toward allegedly attractive than unattractive partners. In contrast, androgynous men did not differentiate on the basis of physical attractiveness, and androgynous women actually led allegedly unattractive targets to be rated as more socially attractive than allegedly attractive targets, thereby disconfirming the physical attractiveness stereotype. Because cultural definitions of physical attractiveness are different for men and women, results are discussed in the context of recent evidence that sex-typed individuals have a particular readiness to encode and organize information in terms of gender. (22 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

"Anomaly or artifact? Comments on Bem and Honorton": Response to Hyman.

R. Hyman (see record 1994-20289-001) raises 2 major points about D. J. Bem and C. Honorton's article (see record 1994-20287-001) on the psi ganzfeld experiments. First, the claim is challenged that the results of the autoganzfeld experiments are consistent with the earlier database. Second, concerns are expressed about the adequacy of the randomization procedures. In response to the 1st point, it is argued that the claims about the consistency of the autoganzfeld results with the earlier database are quite modest and challenge the counterclaim that the results are inconsistent with it. In response to Hyman's methodological point, Bem presents new analyses that could allay apprehensions about the adequacy of the randomization procedures. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)