页岩气地质评价关键实验技术的进展与展望

页岩气地质评价实验结果为页岩气地质"甜点"评价、地质选区、储量计算、水平井压裂层段优选及开发方案确定等提供了重要的数据基础与科学依据。近年来,随着我国页岩气勘探开发工作的不断深入,相关地质评价实验技术也取得了较大的进展。特别是在页岩微观孔隙结构、含气性和物性这3个方面,通过引进先进技术与自主设备研发相结合,建立了适用于我国海相页岩的分析测试技术和标准,对于推动我国页岩气的勘探开发进程发挥了重要的作用。为了给我国页岩气基础地质研究、实验室建设及相关标准制定提供参考和指导,归纳总结了国内外在上述3项页岩气地质评价关键实验技术方面所取得的进展,并对相关技术未来的发展趋势进行了展望。研究结果表明:①对于页岩微观孔隙结构测试,目前已经形成了多种手段相结合的定性观测和定量表征测试方法,实现了由静态表征向动态表征的转化,未来需要在页岩孔隙结构的原位表征和孔内流体赋存特征直接观测等方面做进一步的研究;②对于页岩含气性测试,目前已经建立了现场与室内相结合的含气性定量表征系列技术,实现了对页岩吸附气和游离气赋存特征的定量评价,未来需要在深层页岩损失气量计算、页岩气吸附机理及模型等方面做进一步的研究;③对于页岩物性测试,目前已经建立了多种方法相结合的孔隙度和渗透率测试技术,实现了对页岩孔隙有效性的定量评价,未来需要在孔隙度测试条件和方法等方面进行对比研究并统一标准。结论认为,只有不断地改进和优化页岩气地质评价实验技术,才能够满足科研与生产的需求。     

制备金属铪的新进展

金属铪在核能、航天以及军工领域有着得天独厚的优势,国内外对于金属铪的研究正如火如荼的进行。锆铪相伴而生,本文介绍了锆铪的火法和湿法分离,综述了金属热还原法和熔盐电脱氧法制备金属铪通过熔盐电解法、碘化精练法、电子束熔炼法精炼金属铪,就各种方法的优缺点和绿色生产的需求来看,新型熔盐电脱氧法和联合精炼法是值得发展和探究的方向。     

Visible-light-enhanced catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane using RuP2 quantum dots supported by graphitic carbon nitride

Hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane (AB) driven by efficient catalysts has attracted considerable attention and is regarded as a promising strategy for hydrogen generation. Herein, RuP₂ quantum dots supported on graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) were successfully prepared by in-situ phosphorization, yielding a highly efficient photocatalyst toward AB hydrolysis. The catalysts were characterized by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron microscopy, inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and photoluminescence spectroscopy. A conventional water-displacement method was employed to record the hydrogen volume as a function of reaction time. Owing to visible-light irradiation, the initial turnover frequency of the AB hydrolysis was significantly enhanced by 110% (i.e., 134 min^?1) at room temperature. Furthermore, the apparent activation energy decreased from 67.7 ± 0.9 to 47.6 ± 1.0 kJ mol^?1. The photocatalytic hydrolysis mechanism and catalyst reusability were also investigated.     

环境监测在大气污染治理中的影响和对策分析

随着环境保护工作的全面推进,人们对环境质量的要求也越来越高。我们要践行更加合理、科学的污染治理手段,发挥环境监测技术的优势,减少大气污染问题造成的危害,达到环保管理的要求,共创和谐的生态环境。本文分析了大气污染的特征以及产生的不良危害,并阐释了大气污染治理中全面进行环境监测的重要意义,最后对具体对策提出了几点建议。     

Recent progress of green sorbents-based technologies for low concentration CO2 capture

The increased concentration of CO₂ due to continuous breathing and no discharge of human beings in the manned closed space, like spacecraft and submarines, can be a threat to health and safety. Effective removal of low concentration CO₂ from the manned closed space is essential to meet the requirements of long-term space or deep-sea exploration, which is an international frontier and trend. Ionic liquids (ILs), as a widespread and green solvent, already showed its excellent performance on CO₂ capture and absorption, indicating its potential application in low concentration CO₂ capture. In this review, we first summarized the current methods and strategies for direct capture from low concentration CO₂ in both the atmosphere and manned closed spaces. Then, the multi-scale simulation methods of CO₂ capture by ionic liquids are described in detail, including screening ionic liquids by COSMO-RS methods, capture mechanism by density functional theory and molecular dynamics simulation, and absorption process by computational fluid dynamics simulation. Lastly, some typical IL-based green technologies for low concentration CO₂ capture, such as functionalized ILs, co-solvent systems with ILs, and supported materials based on ILs, are introduced, and analyzed the subtle possibility in manned closed spaces. Finally, we look forward to the technology and development of low concentration CO₂ capture, which can meet the needs of human survival in closed space and proposed that supported materials with ionic liquids have great advantages and infinite possibilities in the vital area.     

厚层坚硬顶板定向水力压裂强制放顶技术研究*

针对厚层坚硬顶板工作面初采期间顶板大面积悬空，初次来压步距大，矿压显现强烈，易诱发冲击地压等动力灾害的问题，依据定向水力压裂技术原理，研发了定向水力压裂成套装备，制定了顶板定向压裂施工工艺；结合西部矿区厚层坚硬顶板条件，分析注水压力、压裂层位、钻孔间距等关键参数，开展了3104工作面初采期间定向水力压裂工程实践，并通过实测顶板垮落情况和分析支架阻力，检测了实施效果。结果表明，直接顶初次垮落步距约11 m，初次来压步距平均值为31.8 m，与未处理顶板相比，初次来压步距减少了62.6%，初次来压时，矿压显现较类似工作面大幅减弱，避免了厚层坚硬顶板的大面积悬空，保证了工作面安全回采。