Bovidae-based gelatin: Extractions method,physicochemical and functional properties,applications, and future trends

Gelatin is one of the most important multifunctional biopolymers and is widely used as an essential ingredient in food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetics. Porcine gelatin is regarded as the leading source of gelatin globally then followed by bovine gelatin. Porcine sources are favored over other sources since they are less expensive. However, porcine gelatin is religiously prohibited to be consumed by Muslims and the Jewish community. It is predicted that the global demand for gelatin will increase significantly in the future. Therefore, a sustainable source of gelatin with efficient production and free of disease transmission must be developed. The highest quality of Bovidae-based gelatin (BG) was acquired through alkaline pretreatment, which displayed excellent physicochemical and rheological properties. The utilization of mammalian- and plant-based enzyme significantly increased the gelatin yield. The emulsifying and foaming properties of BG also showed good stability when incorporated into food and pharmaceutical products. Manipulation of extraction conditions has enabled the development of custom-made gelatin with desired properties. This review highlighted the various modifications of extraction and processing methods to improve the physicochemical and functional properties of Bovidae-based gelatin. An in-depth analysis of the crucial stage of collagen breakdown is also discussed, which involved acid, alkaline, and enzyme pretreatment, respectively. In addition, the unique characteristics and primary qualities of BG including protein content, amphoteric property, gel strength, emulsifying and viscosity properties, and foaming ability were presented. Finally, the applications and prospects of BG as the preferred gelatin source globally were outlined.     

Live video streaming service with pay-as-you-use model on Ethereum Blockchain and InterPlanetary file system

Wireless Networks - In centralized video streaming platforms, the platform owner, rather than the content producer, controls most of the content uploaded on the centralized video...     

Vertex-Edge Degree Based Indices of Honey Comb Derived Network

Chemical graph theory is a branch of mathematics which combines graph theory and chemistry. Chemical reaction network theory is a territory of applied mathematics that endeavors to display the conduct of genuine compound frameworks. It pulled the research community due to its applications in theoretical and organic chemistry since 1960. Additionally, it also increases the interest the mathematicians due to the interesting mathematical structures and problems are involved. The structure of an interconnection network can be represented by a graph. In the network, vertices represent the processor nodes and edges represent the links between the processor nodes. Graph invariants play a vital feature in graph theory and distinguish the structural properties of graphs and networks. In this paper, we determined the newly introduced topological indices namely, first -degree Zagreb index, first -degree Zagreb index, second -degree Zagreb index, -degree Randic index, -degree atom-bond connectivity index, -degree geometric-arithmetic index, -degree harmonic index and -degree sum-connectivity index for honey comb derived network. In the analysis of the quantitative structure property relationships (QSPRs) and the quantitative structureactivity relationships (QSARs), graph invariants are important tools to approximate and predicate the properties of the biological and chemical compounds. Also, we give the numerical and graphical representation of our outcomes.     

Comparison of Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra species inhibited in Pakistan based on microscopic studies: Light microscope and scanning electron microscope

The anatomical variations of two plants from the Nyctaginaceae family, Bougainvillea spectabilis and Bougainvillea glabra, were studied using light and scanning electron microscopy methods in this work. Bougainvillea is a dicotyledonous with defensive traits that can withstand extreme (hot and dry) settings; according to the findings, crystal inclusions in cells, woody spines, and an abnormal development pattern are all features that help them survive against predators and are unique to this species. The Bougainvillea plant's leaves are arranged in simple pattern, alternate to each other along stem having an undulate leaves edge and an oval form. The xylem and phloem, palisade, parenchyma midrib, spongy mesophyll, raphide crystal bundles, and trichomes were all visible when bracts and leaves were transversally sectioned and dyed with toluidine blue O (TBO). The presence of crystals was confirmed by a detailed examination of the transverse leaves by using bright-field and cross-polarizing microscopy. Dissecting microscopic examination showed that all the leaves revealed leaves venation pattern that had midvein, lateral veins areoles, and trichomes. Although trichomes have been identified on both sides, a closer look at a cleaned leaf dyed with TBO showed multicellular abundant trichomes on adaxial surface. Stomata complexes were typically found on the abaxial surface of the leaf according to epidermal peels. Present studies also showed that on adaxial side, stomata were lesser in number or were absent and also showed that the morphologies of the pavement cells on the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf differed.     

A novel discrete image encryption algorithm based on finite algebraic structures

Multimedia Tools and Applications - The arithmetic properties of a finite field have a remarkable impact on the security features of symmetric and asymmetric cryptosystems. Conventionally, in...     

Popularity prediction of movies: from statistical modeling to machine learning techniques

Multimedia Tools and Applications - Film industries all over the world are producing several hundred movies rapidly and grabbing the attraction of people of all ages. Every movie producer is of...     

Numerical study of hydrodynamic flow of a Casson nanomaterial past an inclined sheet under porous medium

The main aim of the current paper is to investigate the mass and heat transportation of a Casson nanomaterial generated by the inclination of the surface. The magnetic field effect along with suction or injection are considered. The working nanomaterial is taken into consideration based on the concept of the Buongiorno nanofluid theory, which explores the thermal efficiencies of liquid flows under movement of Brownian and thermophoretic phenomena. The emergent system of differential expressions is converted to dimensionless form with the help of the appropriate transformations. This system is numerically executed by the implementation of Keller–Box and Newton's schemes. A good agreement of results can be found with the previous data in a limiting approach. The behavior of the physical quantities under concern, including energy exchange, Sherwood number, and wall shear stress are portrayed through graphs and in tabular form. The Nusselt number and Sherwood number are found to diminish against the altered magnitudes of Brownian motion and the inclination parameter. Moreover, the velocity profile decreases with the growth of the inclination effect. In the same vein, the buoyancy force and solutal buoyancy effects show a direct relation with the velocity field. The outcomes have promising technological uses in liquid‐based systems related to stretchable constituents.     

A comparative study on the effect of loading speed and surface scratches on the flexural strength of aluminosilicate glass: Annealed vs. chemically strengthened

Quasi-static and dynamic three-point-bending experiments were conducted on both annealed and chemically strengthened aluminosilicate glass scratched by different normal loads. Scratched areas were observed by optical microscope and atomic force microscope. Chemically strengthened glass shows better resistance to surface scratch. These dynamic experiments were carried out using a modified Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) device and a pulse-shaping technique was used to keep constant loading speed to the specimens. In tests, high-speed photography was also used to observe the failure process of the specimens. The test results showed that the flexural strength of aluminosilicate glass (AG) strongly depends on the applied loading speed. Compared with its annealed counterpart, the chemically strengthened glass (CSG) showed higher flexural strength to both static and dynamic loadings. Moreover, the three-point bending experiments were conducted on scratched AG and CSG specimens and decrease of 20–40% in flexural strength was observed. The fractography analysis showed that in dynamic loading conditions the fracture surface was not smooth and has more secondary cracks as compared to static loading.