Use of by-Product Gasoline Fractions Produced by Combining Fuel and Petrochemical Production

Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils - This article considers the alternatives for treatment of the raffinate produced at a unit for the extraction of benzene-containing fractions and the...     

Mechanism and sequence of the metal reduction in the lattice of chromospinelides

The solid-phase carbothermic reduction of metals in the crystal lattice of ferrichrompicotite from massive chromium ore is experimentally studied. The reduction is found to develop according to an electrochemical mechanism. The metals precipitate both on the surface and in the volume of an ore grain. The electron transfer from a reducing agent to cations takes place through anion vacancies, which form during the interaction of the reducing agent with an oxide. An iron-chromium metallic alloy is the primary product of reduction, and iron and chromium are reduced simultaneously but at different and variable rates, which depend on their concentrations in a local oxide volume. The formation of carbides on the surface of an ore grain as a result of the interaction of the reduced metals with carbon causes the metal atom flux from the volume to the surface of the grain, the appearance of cation vacancies in the oxide, the dissolution of the metallic phase, and the termination of reduction. The decomposition of silicon carbides with the formation of silicocarbides restores the extraction of oxygen anions from the oxide lattice, which facilitates the resumption of reduction.     

Measurements of the orthogonal magnetic components of the pulse component of infralow and very low electromagnetic fields at svalbard

A complex of equipment for recording three components H _x , H _y , and H _z of the pulse component of an electromagnetic field in the range of infralow-very low frequencies, which is incorporated in the geophysical observatory of the Polar Geophysical Institute (Barentzburg, Spitsbergen archipelago), is described. The complex operates under the control of the Linux operational system and is integrated in the local observatory computer network, thus providing both the remote access to data and the GPS time synchronization. The use of buffer transformers in both the signal circuit and the circuit for connection to the collective observatory supply line made it possible to improve the electromagnetic compatibility of this complex with the main instruments of the observatory. The technique for conducting the absolute calibration of the equipment is described.     

Petroleum impregnating and protective materials for railroad cross ties

Almost all wood materials — for construction and repair of railroads, for the mining industry, for telephone and electric power poles — must be protected from rotting, that is preserved to increase the lifetime. The Russian economy is suffering enormous material losses because of the insufficiently serious attitude toward this problem. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 5, pp. 8 – 9, September – October, 1999.     

Treatment of sulfur-containing wastewaters using interphase catalysis

In treatment of petroleum products, natural gas, and gas condensate to remove organosulfur compounds, alkaline wastewaters containing sulfides and mixtures of lower alkyl mercaptides are formed. These waters cannot be processed easily and create an adverse environmental situation around petroleum and gas processing plants. They are usually pumped into wells or rendered harmless by oxidation of the organosulfur compounds into inorganic sulfates, but a large amount of water—salt solutions are formed. Translated fromKhimiya i Tekhnologiya Topliv i Masel, No. 6, pp. 37 – 38, November – December, 1999.     

Aggregative Stability and Thermal Stability of the Petroleum-Based Biocide ZhTK

We present the results of a laboratory evaluation of the aggregative stability (resistance to stratification and sedimentation) and the thermal stability (constancy of the main qualitative index: the viscosity upon prolonged heating) of a new ZhTK petroleum biocide for impregnation of wood cross ties and timbers, in order to protect them from damage by molds and bacteria.