Developing microencapsulated 12‐hydroxystearic acid (HSA) for phase change material use

Phase change materials (PCM) have an increasingly more important role as a thermal energy storage (TES) media. However, leakage problem of PCM causes limitation during their integration in TES systems. Therefore, the encapsulation of PCMs is attracting research interest to extend usage of PCMs in real TES applications in recent years. In this study, hydroxystearic acid (HSA) was encapsulated with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and different PMMA comonomer shells via emulsion polymerization method for the first time in literature. HSA with high melting temperature range (74–78°C) can widen the scope of using PCMs, and the encapsulated form can make it more versatile. The chemical structures, morphologies, and thermophysical properties of capsules were determined by FT‐IR, SEM, DSC, TGA, and thermal infrared camera. Among the produced HSA capsule candidates, PMMA‐HEMA is the most promising with latent heat of 48.5 J/g with melting range of 47 to 85°C. SEM analysis indicated that the capsules have spherical shape with compact surface at nano‐micro (100–440 nm) size range; however, some capsules exhibited agglomeration.     

Laboratory investigation on the use of thermally enhanced phase change material to improve the performance of borehole heat exchangers for ground source heat pumps

Ground source heat pumps have high efficiency and high capital cost primarily due to borehole drillings. This research investigates the inclusion of high‐conductivity phase change material (PCM) in the borehole heat exchanger of a ground source heat pump to reduce the borehole length required and improve its coefficient of performance (COP). In the laboratory model, the borehole heat exchanger was represented by a cylindrical electrical heater having a total power of 9.216 W, operating for 1 hour while resting for 3 hours. Surrounding the heater in the annular region, either soil, PCM, or high‐conductivity PCM was used as grouting material. The annular region was surrounded by a large amount of soil enclosed in a large bin as a representation of ground soil. The high‐conductivity graphite was impregnated with the commercial PCM “PureTemp29.” Results from the experiments revealed that the PCM is able to decrease the temperature fluctuations in the annular and soil regions, while graphite increases the thermal conductivity of the annular region and hence increases the rate of heat dissipation from the heater to the soil surrounding it. The maximum COP values of a ground source heat pump calculated assuming ideal reversed Carnot cycle for cooling mode showed an increase of approximately 81% with PCM and by 112% with graphite‐enhanced PCM.     

Thermal buffering effect of a packaging design with microencapsulated phase change material

Temperature fluctuations during storage and transportation are the most important factors affecting quality and shelf life of food products. Phase change materials (PCM) with their isothermal characteristics are used to control temperature in various thermal operations. In this study, octanoic acid as PCM candidate was used in a packaging material design for thermal control of a food product. The PCM candidate was microencapsulated in different shell materials in our laboratory. Among the synthesized microcapsules, microencapsulated PCM (mPCM) (ΔHm = 42.9 J/g) with styrene polymer as the shell material was selected based on its properties of being cost effective and compatibility with human health. Thermal buffering effect of PCM in bulk and microencapsulated forms was tested in a packaging design with special PCM pockets. Results showed that packages with mPCM and bulk PCM provided 8.8 and 6 hours of thermal buffering effect for 160 g of chocolate compared with the package without PCM (reference package).     

Robust microencapsulated phase change materials in concrete mixes for sustainable buildings

For passive building applications, phase change materials (PCMs) are microencapsulated to avoid leakage of PCM from concrete structure. The primary challenge of using microencapsulated PCM (MPCM) is its weak shell structure. New MPCMs with different shell compositions to prevent breakage during mixing in fresh concrete are needed. In this study, free radical polymerization method to microencapsulate capric acid–myristic acid mixture as PCM with two different methyl methacrylate co‐polymers is proposed to produce robust MPCMs for building applications. Two new microcapsules (MPCM‐1 and MPCM‐2) having latent heats of 91.9 and 97.3 J/g were synthesized. SEM analyses showed the size of microcapsules being in the range of 400–850 nm for MPCM‐1 and 250–475 nm for MPCM‐2. Analyses also reveal that the shells of MPCMs were not harmed, as they were added into concrete mixes. The microsphere's geometry was preserved, and distribution was homogeneous. The MPCMs were also studied under thermal tests of 1000 heating/cooling cycles. No significant changes in thermal properties were observed after thermal cycling tests. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Hydrogen-bonded diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) pigments as organic semiconductors

Diketopyrrolopyrroles (DPPs) have recently gained attention as building-blocks for organic semiconducting polymers and small molecules, however the semiconducting properties of their hydrogen-bonded (H-bonded) pigment forms have not been explored. Herein we report on the performance of three archetypical H-bonded DPP pigments, which show ambipolar carrier mobilities in the range 0.01–0.06 cm²/V s in organic field-effect transistors. Their semiconducting properties are correlated with crystal structure, where an H-bonded crystal lattice supports close and relatively cofacial π–π stacking. To better understand transport in these systems, density functional theory calculations were carried out, indicating theoretical maximum ambipolar mobility values of ∼0.3 cm²/V s. Based on these experimental and theoretical results, H-bonded DPPs represent a viable alternative to more established DPP-containing polymers and small molecules where H-bonding is blocked by N-alkylation.     

Generating design activities through sketches in multi-agent systems

This study describes a multi-agent system that acts as a mediator between the designer and the information environment. The system enables designers to locate and retrieve information from distributed resources. There are three types of agents in the proposed model. The ‘user agents’ consist of designers, engineers, and technicians. The ‘information agents’ include various knowledge domains as legislation, codes, previous cases, expert domains. The ‘communication agents’ that identify and match agents are based on the goals and agent’s interest. The communication agents working over the Web use sketches as a collaboration medium in the conceptual phase of the design process. The results of the empirical study showed that the design domain and variables; and design strategies and activities are not independent of each other. The quality of a project increases as the communication increases among collaborators during the conceptual design phase and the Internet provides a suitable medium for communication through sketches.     

The effect of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on bacterial translocation in the splenectomized rat

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We created a study group in order to investigate the effects of splenectomy and filgrastim. Filgrastim is an immunomodulator granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), that affects bacterial translocation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We created 3 study groups with 30 male Sprague-Dawley rats; the first group included sham splenectomy, the second group was splenectomy, and the third group was splenectomy+ filgrastim group. RESULTS: The mean bacterial colony count of the cecum were 2.5 x 10(9) in group 1, 1.2 x 10(10) in group 2 and 3.5 x 10(9) in group 3. The differences between these groups were accepted as statistically significant. The mean counts of the terminal ileum were 1.1 x 10(9) in group 1, 5.5 x 10(10) in group 2 and 2.5 x 10(10) in group 3. The p values of group 1-2 were 0.036 (statistically significant) and 0.123 in groups 2-3) were not statistically significant. The mean counts of the liver were 0.2 x 10(4), 1 x 10(10) and 3.4 x 10(5), respectively. In comparison of the groups the p values of the first and last 2 groups were found to be 0.047 (statistically significant). The mean counts of the mesenteric lymph node were 0.7 x 10(3), 1 x 10(10) and 0.9 x 10(6) respectively. The p values were 0.343 for the first and the last 2 groups both. As they were above 0.05, they were not statistically significant. The degrees of liver Kupffer cell hyperplasia were (+) 40%, (+2) 50% and (+3) 10% (group 1), (+) 10%, (+2) 40% and (+3) 50% (group 2), (+2) 60% and (+3) 40% (group 3) (p = 0.0039). The rates of the absence of pathology in mesenteric lymph nodes were 70% (group 1), 90% (group 2) and 100% (group 3) (p = 0.049). These findings were statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: We found that splenectomy has activated the whole predisposing factors of bacterial translocation and created the latter itself. In addition, we showed that filgrastim, a recently widespread used G-CSF, decreases bacterial translocation significantly.     

Universal product design involving elderly users: a participatory design model

Recent studies have shown that people prefer to age in their familiar environments, thus guiding designers to provide a safe and functionally appropriate environment for ageing people, regardless of their physical conditions or limitations. Therefore, a participatory design model is proposed where human beings can improve their quality of life by promoting independence, as well as safety, useability and attractiveness of the residence. Brainstorming, scenario building, unstructured interviews, sketching and videotaping are used as techniques in the participatory design sessions. Quality deployment matrices are employed to find the relationships between the elderly user's requirements and design specifications. A case study was devised to apply and test the conceptual model phase of the proposed model.     

A mixed integer programming model for a closed-loop supply-chain network

In this paper, a new mixed integer mathematical model for a closed-loop supply-chain network that includes both forward and reverse flows with multi-periods and multi-parts is proposed. The proposed model guarantees the optimal values of transportation amounts of manufactured and disassembled products in a closed-loop supply chain while determining the location of plants and retailers. Finally, computational results are presented for a number of scenarios to show and validate the applicability of the model.