科学合理性的二难困境对辩证法的回应

从科学的证实主义、证伪主义以及舍弃证实与证伪方法的非理性主义、新历史主义各流派都面临着二难困境，主要是由于科学哲学家选择科学合理性解释模式的单一化造成的，若用辩证观点来理解证实和证 伪、历史和逻辑、价值和理性之间的互补互斥的多元关系具有巨大的优越性。     

高位颈椎管内肿瘤显微外科治疗

目的：探讨高位颈椎管内肿瘤的诊断及治疗。方法：18例高位颈椎管内肿瘤患者经MR检查确诊后，行显微外科手术治疗，结果：肿瘤全切除者13例，次全切除者2例，大部分除者3例，结果：MR是高位颈椎管内肿瘤最佳检查方法，显微手术是提高高位颈椎管内肿瘤疗效和肿瘤全切除的关键，半导体激光有助减少术中出血，防止颈髓损伤，术后防治呼吸功能障碍，大剂量激素，呼吸支持及防治肺部感染有助于患者度过颈髓水肿高峰期。     

Study of clinical features of amyloid angiopathy hemorrhage and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective: The purpose of this study was to differentiate between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertension (HTN) based on hemorrhage pattern interpretation. Methods: From June 1994 to Oct., 2000, 83 patients admitted to our service with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were investigated retrospectively; 41 patients with his-tologically proven diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiography and 42 patients with clear history of hypertension were investigated. Results: Patients with a CAA-related ICH were significantly older than patients with a HTN-related ICH (74.0 years vs 66.5 years, P<0.05). There was a significantly higher number of hematomas>30 ml in CAA (85.3%) when compared with HTN (59.5%). No basal ganglional hemorrhage was seen in CAA, but in 40.5% in HTN. In CAA-related ICH, su-barachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was seen in 26 patients (63.4%) compared to only 11 patients (26.2%) in HTN-related ICH. Intraventricular hemorrhage was seen in 24.4% in CAA, and in 26.2% in HTN. Typical features o     

Immunotherapy of intracranial G422 glioblastoma with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extract or RNA

Objective: To investigate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA in a mouse model of intracranial G422 glioblastoma. Methods: Bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed ex vivo with tumor extracts or RNA. Ninety female mice harboring 4-day-old intracranial G422 glioblastomas and 126 normal mice were treated with three spaced one week apart subcutaneous injections either with PBS, unpulsed DCs, G422 tumor extracts, RNA, DCs pulsed with G422 tumor extracts (DC/extract) or with RNA (DC/RNA). Seven days after the third immunization of normal mice, the spleens of 36 of them were harvested for cytotoxic T lyphocyte (CTL) assays and the others were challenged in the brain with G422 tumor cells. All the treated mice were followed for survival. Some mice brains were removed and examined pathologically when they died. Results: Immunization using DC/extract or DC/RNA significantly induced G422-specific CTL responses compared with control groups (P＜0.01). Vaccination with DC/extract or DC/RNA, either prior to G422 tumor challenge or in tumor-harboring mice, significantly prolonged survival compared with other control groups (P＜0.01). Conclusion: DCs pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA derived from autologous tumors has potential antitumor effects via activation of cell-mediated immunity. Our results suggest a useful therapeutic strategy against gliomas.     

Immunotherapy of intracranial G422 glioblastoma with dendritic cells pulsed with tumor extract or RNA

Objective: To investigate the anti-tumor efficacy of dendritic cell (DC)-based vaccines pulsed with tumor extracts or RNA in a mouse model of intracranial G422 glioblastoma. Methods: Bone marrow-derived DCs were pulsed ex vivo with tumor extracts or RNA. Ninety female mice harboring 4-day-old intracranial G422 glioblastomas and 126 normal mice were treated with three spaced one week apart subcutaneous injections either with PBS, unpulsed DCs, G422 tumor extracts, RNA, DCs pulsed with G422 tumor extracts (DC/extract) or with RNA (DC/RNA). Seven days after the third immunization of normal mice, the spleens of 36 of them were harvested for cytotoxic T lyphocyte (CTL) assays and the others were challenged in the brain with G422 tumor cells. All the treated mice were followed for survival. Some mice brains were removed and examined pathologically when they died. Results: Immunization using DC/extract or DC/RNA significantly induced G422-specific CTL responses compared with control groups (P<0.01). Vaccinatio     

精讲多练——略谈英语综合练习课的教学

为了培养学生的专业实践能力,在中专有关专业讲授完基础英语之后,按教学大纲的要求,全国大部分水利水电学校都开设了英语综合练习课。英语综合练习课的教学时间为一周,内容是英译汉,目的是让学生能够借助工具书(主要是英汉词典),运用英汉翻译的基本知识和技巧完成一般的英译汉。英语综合练习课是一门实践课,这就规定了它与一般的理论教学课有很大的差异。理论教学课以教师讲授知识为主;而英语综     

Study of clinical features of amyloid angiopathy hemorrhage and hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage

Objective: The purpose of this study was to differentiate between cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertension (HTN) based on hemorrhage pattern interpretation. Methods: From June 1994 to Oct., 2000, 83 patients admitted to our service with acute intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) were investigated retrospectively; 41 patients with histologically proven diagnosis of cerebral amyloid angiography and 42 patients with clear history of hypertension were investigated. Results: Patients with a CAA-related ICH were significantly older than patients with a HTN-related ICH (74.0years vs 66.5 years, P＜0.05). There was a significantly higher number ofhematomas≥30 ml in CAA (85.3%) when compared with HTN (59.5%). No basal ganglional hemorrhage was seen in CAA, but in 40.5% in HTN. In CAA-related ICH, subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) was seen in 26 patients (63.4%) compared to only 11 patients (26.2%) in HTN-related ICH.Intraventricular hemorrhage was seen in 24.4% in CAA, and in 26.2% in HTN. Typical features of CAA-related ICH included lobar distribution affecting mainly the lobar superficial areas, lobulated appearance, rupture into the subarachnoid space, and secondary IVH from the lobar hemorrhage. More specifically, multiplicity of hemorrhage, bilaterality, and repeated episodes also strongly suggest the diagnosis of CAA. Multiple hemorrhages, defined as 2 or more separate hematomas in multiple lobes, accounted for 17.1% in CAA-related ICH. Conclusion: There are certain features in CAA on CT and MRI and in clinical settings. To some extent, these features may contribute to distinguishing CAA from HTN related ICH.     

从古代文化到近代早期科学之间的峡谷现象

众多古代文化在向近代科学跨越时都遇到了巨大障碍 ,形成了科学史上的峡谷现象。从科学与社会的相互作用来分析 ,“科学峡谷”的成因主要有三个方面 :一是早期实证科学缺失生产力功能 ;二是古代生产与经验性技术之间相互满足 ;三是社会思想解释系统的稳定性。最后分析了实证科学之所以在西欧形成的特有历史条件。     

李约瑟问题与中国传统科学范式的二重性

从库恩的科学范式论来看 ,以元气阴阳五行说为基础的中国古代自然哲学是构成中国传统科学范式的基本思想内核 ,它形成了中国传统科学中共同的世界观、认识论与方法论。然而 ,由这种基本思想内核演进而成的中国传统科学范式 ,既有其合理性 ,也有其局限性 :合理性在于有利于中国传统科学的积累性和渐进性的发展 ;局限性在于从范式的原型遗传和原型控制方面否定了中国传统科学变革为近代科学的内在可能性