Ferroan dolomites in Miocene sediments of the Xisha Islands and their genetic model

Carbonate rocks are important reservoirs for global petroleum exploration.The largest oilfield in the South China Sea,Liuhua 11-1,is distributed in the massive carbonate reef area of the Zhujiang(Pearl)River Mouth Basin.Previous studies showed that one 802.17-m-long core from well Xichen-1 in the South China Sea mainly consisted of white and light gray-white organic reefs.Recently,a Miocene whole core(161.9 m long)of well Xiyong-2,near well Xichen-1,was found to contain six layers of yellowish brown,light yellowish gray,iron black,or light yellowish gray-white organic reefs.Scanning electron microscope images of these layers reveal a typical ferroan dolomite rich in Fe(up to 29%),with the high concentrations of Mn,Cu,W,Zn,Cr,Ni,and Co.Systematic X-ray powder diffraction analysis yields a 1.9–6.1 match in phase ratio with ankerite,5.4–26.9 with dolomite,and zero with calcite,which indicate that the samples can be classified as ferroan dolomite.The iron and heavy metals are inferred to be originated from multiple volcanic eruptions of Gaojianshi Island in the Dongdao Atoll during the middle-late Miocene.These elements were dissolved in seawater,likely as a sol,and carried to Yongxing Island in the Xuande Atoll by sea currents and tides enhanced by prevailing winds,and deposited as a part of the sedimentation process in the study area.The ferroan dolomite has Sr content of (125–285)×10~(-6),which is lower than the accepted Sr boundary value of dolomite.This finding suggests that dolomitization occurred during large-scale global glacial regression in the late Miocene.The isolated Xisha carbonate platform,exposed to air,underwent freshwater leaching and dolomitization induced by mixed water,and caused the extensive Fe-Mg exchange along the organic reef profile to form ankerite and ferroan dolomite.These results may help to understand paleoceanographic environmental changes in the South China Sea during the Miocene.     

西沙群岛生物碳酸盐的成因和沉积:来自活体仙掌藻的证据

A recent island survey reveals that the Xuande Atoll and the Yongle Atoll in the Xisha Islands can be classified into one of two systems: the depleted atoll system and growth atoll system; the survey also indicates that the decreased area of several shoals is an unbearable burden for the Xisha Islands, of which the largest island area is 2.13 km2 and the minimum elevation is 1.4 m. According to a survey on the ecological characteristics of Halimeda in the Laolongtou breaker zone of Shidao Island in the Xisha Islands, the green and white living Halimeda are collected,the isotopic ages of 14 C contained in the Halimeda are shown to be 27 years and 55 years, respectively, and carbonate mainly occurs in five types, i.e., luster, segment, sand, sand grain, and marl in the formation. The Halimeda segments mainly provide the carbonate sediments of long-term biogenic deposits in the reef environment and the annual productivity per area is 60–100 g/m2; the characteristics of the microstructure of the Halimeda are analyzed, the aragonite raphide carbonate is deposited and enriched in the cortexes, medullas and cysts, and the Halimeda generally contain major elements such as C, O, Ca, Cl, Mg, K, Na, S and Al, and are rich in trace elements such as tellurium(Te), rhodium(Rh) and strontium. It is believed that the Halimeda grow slowly,including the biotic community of reef corals in the reef areas, thus they possess an environmental remediation capacity, but it takes much time to remedy the environment, and it is necessary to make the law to protect the diversity and vulnerability of the Xisha marine ecology, the ecology of the reef community and the island environment in a scientific way. As indicated in the survey, under the background of global warming and sea-level rise, the discovery of large amounts of Halimeda in the Laolongtou sea area is significant for the natural increase of the depleted atoll system of the Xuande Atoll, while the Halimeda segments represent the primary form of the fossil Halimeda, of which the species can be identified and preserved in great numbers under geological conditions. The Miocene was discovered in large amounts in the Xichen-1 well, therefore the study on the characteristics and mechanism of Halimeda carbonate sediments plays a pivotal role in the formation and construction of organic reefs in the South China Sea as well as oil and gas exploration.     

海南流沙港组致密砂岩体积压裂工艺研究及应用

福山凹陷流沙港组致密砂岩是海南福山油田勘探开发的重要目标之一。受复杂构造演化影响,该区致密砂岩具有砂泥薄互层明显、低孔低渗、高温等特征,为了解决以往储层改造中经常出现的施工压力高、缝高失控、砂堵、单井产量低、压裂后产量下降快等问题。借鉴非常规体积压裂技术,采用变排量、人工隔层控缝高、暂堵转向等工艺,同时进一步优化压裂液,应用纳米增效洗油剂,在福山油田致密砂岩开展了4口井次试验。研究结果表明：非常规体积压裂技术可有效降低砂堵风险,提高福山油田致密砂岩储层的改造效果。变排量、人工隔层控缝高、暂堵转向压裂等储层改造工艺的实施,有效控制了缝高,提高了储层的压开程度。纳米增效洗油剂的应用,最大限度地降低了液体对地层和裂缝的伤害,发挥了纳米液滴渗吸洗油作用,增加了油气井的稳产期。     

肥城市采煤塌陷区治理模式探索研究

肥城煤田作为国家重要能源基地,开发历史悠久,为我国高速发展的国民经济做出了巨大贡献。但长期开采导致塌陷范围广、深度大、积水严重,生态环境遭受严重破坏,给矿区群众的生产生活带来严重影响。该文总结了目前普及化程度较高的采煤塌陷区治理模式,以此为基础,对肥城市采煤塌陷区按照因地制宜的原则,通过分析研究、归纳得出适应于肥城市采煤塌陷区四种不同的治理模式,分别为:土地复垦治理模式、“渔业+农业”治理模式、生态修复治理模式、综合治理模式,并对四种治理模式进行了阐述分析,对今后肥城市采煤塌陷区治理起到借鉴和指导作用。     

基于GIS分析的泰安市地质灾害风险评价

泰安市地处鲁中山区,山地丘陵广泛分布,崩塌、滑坡、泥石流和岩溶塌陷等地质灾害较为发育。本次研究依托新一轮1∶5万地质灾害风险普查,基于ArcGIS平台空间分析功能对高精度DEM、构造、工程地质和水文地质、降雨及植被等数据分析和提取,利用信息量法和层次分析法分别对崩滑泥石流和岩溶塌陷易发性评价,以降雨作为危险性评价因子,综合考虑人口和经济因素选择用地类型作为易损性条件进行风险区划,最终划分为地质灾害风险高、中、低3个等级,为今后有效开展自然灾害综合防治、衔接国土空间规划和保障经济社会可持续发展提供基础依据。     

极端波浪作用下海上施工栈桥承载性能评估

海上施工栈桥作为一种可以快速装配的施工辅助设施,在跨海大桥建设中得到广泛应用。为研究海上施工栈桥在极端波浪作用下的结构性能,基于波浪增量分析(IWA)理论,提出海上施工栈桥承载性能评估方法。以某在役海上施工栈桥为例,考虑杆件弹塑性和节点局部柔性建立结构非线性分析模型,评估了海上施工栈桥在不同方向极端波浪荷载作用下的结构承载性能及倒塌失效模式。研究表明,随着极端波高逐渐增大,栈桥依次出现首次屈服、塑性铰和倒塌起始三种非线性行为点,结构将依次经历正常使用、可以使用、临近倒塌和倒塌破坏四个承载性能状态;波浪入射方向对于海上施工栈桥的承载性能和倒塌失效模式影响较大;海上施工栈桥的主要薄弱部位位于钢管桩桩底及其与支撑框架下横撑相交的节点处,应在设计中重点关注。     

储层压实作用和胶结作用的压力响应特征

为了在发育异常高压沉积盆地的中深层进行有效的油气勘探,综合运用薄片、岩心常规、粒度分析、SEM等分析化验资料,探讨了渤中凹陷西北次凹储层压实作用和胶结作用的压力响应特征。得到了异常高压对机械压实具有抑制作用的有力证据。证实了不同胶结物类型有不同的压力响应特征。研究认为,每超静水压力7 MPa的异常高压可保存约2.0%原生孔隙。胶结强度的压力响应特征呈斜坡状:1陡坡段,远离高压界面的常压带→高压界面外280 m,胶结强度迅速增强,以弱胶结为特征,胶结物以自生黏土矿物为主,约占总胶结物的85%;2缓坡段,高压界面外280 m→异常高压带,胶结强度缓慢增大,以强—中胶结为特征,胶结物以碳酸盐为主,约占总胶结物的75%以上。在高压界面附近的常压带,碳酸盐胶结作用的压力响应厚度比自生黏土矿物的响应厚度小,前者约280 m,后者430 m。研究区原生孔隙与渗透率具有较好相关性,相关系数可达0.77,表明原生孔隙发育的砂岩是优质储层。研究结果可为在异常高压发育的盆地中深层寻找优质储层提供理论依据。     

鲁中地区泰安——莱芜断陷盆地地下水水质安全性评价

地下水水质安全性评价是地下水资源保护的关键环节。为了阐明鲁中泰安莱芜断陷盆地地下水水质安全性,本次研究系统评价研究区地下水水质现状、水质变化趋势和地下水污染风险,并以此为基础开展地下水污染预警分级,揭示地下水水质安全性。评价结果显示,研究区内地下水污染预警等级分为巨警、重警和中警3个级别。其中,巨警区占研究区总面积的21%,表明该区地下水水质极不安全;重警区占研究区总面积的26%,主要分布在巨警区外围约5km范围,地下水水质不安全;其他地区为中警区,占研究区总面积的53%,地下水水质临界安全。该研究可为鲁中地区泰安莱芜断陷盆地地下水资源保护及合理开发利用提供有力支撑。     

破碎波作用下圆端形桥墩受力特性数值模拟

当波浪由外海向跨海桥梁所在的近岸海域传播时,随着水深急剧变浅,波浪会发生破碎。强非线性的破碎波会给桥墩结构带来极大冲击作用。基于计算流体力学(CFD)数值软件Flow-3D建立三维数值水槽,造波边界设为斯托克斯五阶波。通过在数值水槽中建立逐渐浅化的三维地形,采用k-ω湍流模型求解雷诺平均N-S(RANS)方程,模拟破碎波冲击桥墩。与前人水槽试验及数值模拟结果进行比对,验证数值水槽的有效性。采用验证过的数值水槽,研究了不同入射波高和周期下的破碎波浪特性,计算了不同长宽比圆端形桥墩在不同入射波高的破碎波作用下受力和流场变化,讨论了最大压强作用点、准静态力和冲击力随桥墩长宽比的变化规律。研究表明:与前人试验和数值模拟相比,所建立的数值水槽具有较高精度;圆端形桥墩破波力随桥墩长宽比增大,先增大后趋于稳定,破波力峰值随着入射波高的增大而增大,同时,圆端形桥墩破波力峰值主要由冲击力控制。进行跨海桥梁圆端形桥墩设计时,应重点关注桥墩长宽比和破碎波冲击力的影响。     

山东省岩溶塌陷发育特征及诱因分析

在归纳山东省岩溶塌陷时空分布规律的基础上,从基岩特征、覆盖层特征、水动力条件、外界扰动4个方面分别阐述多处主要塌陷区的背景条件及影响因素,分析其主要诱发因素。结果表明:山东省岩溶塌陷主要分布于济南、泰安、枣庄、临沂等6个地市,且近年来烟台、济宁等新发塌陷区的岩溶塌陷呈现加剧趋势;山东省岩溶塌陷主要发生在薄覆盖型岩溶区,地层以奥陶系马家沟群为主,其次是三山子组、寒武系炒米店组;岩溶塌陷区土层厚度均小于30 m,覆盖层结构类型以多元结构为主,其次为二元结构和一元结构,且由试验得出黏性土的抗塌性能与其含水率、孔隙比等物理力学性质有关;岩溶水的大幅度波动是塌陷发生的最主要因素,且岩溶地下水位在基岩面附近波动时最易引发塌陷。山东省岩溶塌陷区主要分布于各重要地下水水源地,地下水不合理开发利用引发的水位大幅下降或波动是主要人为诱因,莱芜铁矿区水位受矿区排水影响明显,另外在泰安市城区铁路三角区和东平县东王庄—西王庄运输线路的震动荷载也是另一重要人为诱因。