Damage identification method using harmonic excitation force considering both modelling and measurement errors

A method of structural damage identification using harmonic excitation force is presented. It considers the effects of both measurement and modelling errors in the baseline finite element model. Damage that accompanies changes in structural parameters can be estimated for a damaged structure from the change between measured vibration responses and ones calculated from the analytical model of the intact structure. In practice, modelling errors exist in the analytical model due to material and geometric uncertainties and a reduction in the degrees of freedom as well as measurement errors, making identification difficult. To surmount these problems, bootstrap hypothesis testing, which enables statistical judgment without information about these errors, was introduced. The method was validated by numerical simulation using a three‐dimensional frame structure and real vibration data for a three‐storey steel frame structure. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Secular acceleration of solar rotation from 1943 to 1986

The rotation of the surface layer of the Sun is found to have been accelerated secularly from the sunspot data of 1943 to 1986. To represent the overall state of rotation of the differentially rotating Sun, we define an indexM, by integrating the angular momentum density over the whole surface of the Sun, and call it the angular momentum layer density. The indexM increased monotonically or secularly from 1943 to 1986. This period corresponds to solar cycles 18, 19, 20, and 21. The monotonic increase ofM indicates that a net angular momentum must have steadily been coming from the layer down below the surface. The differential rotation latitudinal dependence profile did not change much from cycle 18 to cycle 20, but at cycle 21 the degree of equatorial acceleration dropped. This aspect is discussed in the context of the 55-year grand cycle. Cycle 21 is the start of grand cycle VI. The latitudinal dependence is less steep at cycle 21. The time scale of secular change of the indexM reflects the time scale of change of linkage of the surface and the deep layer in form of the angular momentum transfer, and that the time scale of the profile change of the differential rotation reflects the time scale of the angular momentum transfer within the surface layer.     

Phase relation between the poloidal and toroidal solar-cycle general magnetic fields and location of the origin of the surface magnetic fields

The phase relation of the poloidal and toroidal components of the solar-cycle general magnetic fields, which propagate along isorotation surfaces as dynamo waves, is investigated to infer the structure of the differential rotation and the direction of the regeneration action of the dynamo processes responsible for the solar cycle. It is shown that, from the phase relation alone, (i) the sign of the radial gradient of the differential rotation (/r) can be determined in the case that the radial gradient dominates the differential rotation, and (ii) the direction of the regeneration action can be determined in the case that the latitudinal gradient (/) dominates the differential rotation. Examining the observed poloidal and toroidal fields, it is concluded that (i) the / should dominate the differential rotation, and (ii) the determined sign of the regeneration factor (positive [negative] in the northern [southern] hemisphere) describing the direction of the regeneration action requires that the surface magnetic fields should originate from the upper part of the convection zone according to the model of the solar cycle driven by the dynamo action of the global convection.     

Chemical, Isotopic, and Fluid Inclusion Evidence for the Hydrothermal Alteration of the Footwall Rocks of the BIF-Hosted Iron Ore Deposits in the Hamersley District, Western Australia

Abstract. The petrography, chemical, fluid inclusion and isotope analyses (O, Rb-Sr) were conducted for the shale samples of the Mount McRae Shale collected from the Tom Price, Newman, and Paraburdoo mines in the Hamersley Basin, Western Australia. The Mount McRae Shale at these mines occurs as a footwall unit of the secondary, hematite-rich iron ores derived from the Brockman Iron Formation, one of the largest banded iron formations (BIFs) in the world. Unusually low contents of Na, Ca, and Sr in the shales suggest that these elements were leached away from the shale after deposition. The δ¹⁸O (SMOW) values fall in the range of + 15.0 to +17.9 per mil and show the positive correlation with calculated quartz/sericite ratios of the shale samples. This suggests that the oxygen isotopic compositions of shale samples were homogenized and equilibrated by postdepositional event. The pyrite nodules hosted by shales are often rimmed by thin layers of silica of varying crystallinity. Fluid inclusions in quartz crystals rimming a pyrite nodule show homogenization temperatures ranging from 100 to 240C for 47 inclusions and salinities ranging from 0.4 to 12.3 wt% NaCl equivalent for 18 inclusions. These fluid inclusion data give direct evidence for the hydrothermal activity and are comparable to those of the vein quartz collected from the BIF-derived secondary iron ores (Taylor et al, 2001). The Rb-Sr age for the Mount McRae Shale is 1,952 ± 289 Ma and at least 200 million years younger than the depositional age of the Brockman Iron Formation of ∼ 2.5 Ga in age. All the data obtained in this study are consistent with the suggestion that high temperature hydrothermal fluids were responsible for both the secondary iron ore formation and the alteration of the Mount McRae Shale.     

Field vibration mitigation by honeycomb WIB for pile foundations of a high-speed train viaduct

Environmental vibrations from recent high-speed trains are becoming a special concern in the civil and environmental engineering field since they can give detrimental effects to residents, sensitive equipments and high-tech production facilities in the vicinity of train tacks. Herein, aiming at the vibration mitigation for a specific high-tech industrial area, the low-frequency vibrations from a train viaduct are targeted over an anticipated range. A theoretically designed innovative countermeasure, called honeycomb wave impeding barrier (WIB) for a wave impeding barrier, is introduced and its effects are investigated by computer simulation. The present WIB is based on the wave dispersion phenomenon that can modulate the incoming wavelengths into the shorter wavelengths, creating an apparent wave cut-off characteristic in the wave field across WIB installation area. The shorter wavelengths are further impeded due to the impedance ratio of the WIB walls and in-fill materials and absorbed by the in-fills more. The three-dimensional FEM simulation demonstrates a dramatic reduction effect that is difficult to achieve by conventional measures.     

Damage Evaluation of Agro-meteorological Hazards in the Maize-Growing Region of Songliao Plain,China: Case Study of Lishu County of Jilin Province

Agro-meteorological hazards such as drought, waterlogging and cool summer occur with very high frequency and affect maize production and social-economic development in the maize-growing region of Songliao Plain, China. Moreover, both the frequency of these hazards and loss from them are considered to be increasing with global warming. The purpose of this paper is to quantitatively analyze the relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards in the maize-growing area of Songliao Plain, taking Lishu county as a case study area based on GIS (Geographic Information System). Crop yield-climate analysis and regression analysis were employed to analyze and quantify relationships between the fluctuation of maize yield and drought, waterlogging and cool summer, and to evaluate the consequences of these hazards. The parameters and model of damage evaluation were presented using weighted comprehensive analysis, and the degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize production was comprehensively evaluated and regionalized. It is shown that from 1949 to 1990, the negative value years of the fluctuation of maize yield due to meteorological hazards accounted for 55% of seasons, of which 14% was caused by drought, 30% by waterlogging, 4% by cool summer and drought, 9% by cool summer and waterlogging, 13% by drought and waterlogging, 30% by drought, waterlogging and cool summer. Studies on the instability and spatial variation of the fluctuations in maize yield in Lishu county showed that the middle plains are stable areas to climatic influence, while southeastern hills and low mountains, the low lands of the plains along the East Liao River and the western plain are unstable areas in terms of areas in maize yield. The synthetic index of the degree of damage to maize of drought, waterlogging and cool summer showed a strong positive correlation with the ratio of the amount damaged to the normal yield of maize. This suggests that this index can be used to evaluate such damage. The degree of damage of drought, waterlogging and cool summer to maize in Lishu county shows the regional characteristics, which increase gradually from the center to the west and east, this being almost identical with the spatial distribution of the fluctuation of maize yield due to these hazards. This study can be expected to provide the basis for developing strategies to mitigate agro-meteorological hazards and reducing the losses from them, and adjust the medium and long-term distribution of agricultural activities so as to adapt to environmental changes.     

2-D transient soil–surface foundation interaction and wave propagation by time domain BEM

This paper shows an effective implementation of the half-plane Green function for surface strip impulses (Lamb's problem), which was previously developed in a closed form by the authors, into the time-domain boundary element method for the analysis of related initial boundary value problems. The time-stepping algorithm utilizing Heaviside step function makes the solution process free from the Rayleigh wave front singularity. Illustrative analyses performed include that: First, the response due to an impulsive uniform strip loading is dealt with in order to check the accuracy of the present solution and to interpret the associated wave motion in the medium. Second, a rigid massless strip surface foundation is analysed when subjected to various impulsive loadings in vertical, horizontal and rotational directions to observe which wave is most concerned with the respective foundation motion. The field response is also of interest with respect to distance attenuation. Third, the dynamic cross-interaction between active and passive foundations through soil is investigated when multiple strip foundations are placed separately on a half-space with a certain distance.     

Partition coefficients of Hf,Zr, and REE between zircon,apatite, and liquid

Concentration ratios of Hf, Zr, and REE between zircon, apatite, and liquid were determined for three igneous compositions: two andesites and a diorite. The concentration ratios of these elements between zircon and corresponding liquid can approximate the partition coefficient. Although the concentration ratios between apatite and andesite groundmass can be considered as partition coefficients, those for the apatite in the diorite may deviate from the partition coefficients. The HREE partition coefficients between zircon and liquid are very large (100 for Er to 500 for Lu), and the Hf partition coefficient is even larger. The REE partition coefficients between apatite and liquid are convex upward, and large (D=10–100), whereas the Hf and Zr partition coefficients are less than 1. The large differences between partition coefficients of Lu and Hf for zircon-liquid and for apatite-liquid are confirmed. These partition coefficients are useful for petrogenetic models involving zircon and apatite.     

Plutonic inclusions and olivines in high-K volcanics from Ulreung island,Korea

Summary Major and trace element data are presented for four alkali gabbroic inclusions, two monzonitic inclusions, and nine syenitic inclusions from Ulreung island, Korea. Analytical results are also given for the mineral constituents. Although the major element chemistry suggests that the plutonic inclusions are comagmatic with the associated volcanic rocks, the trace element data demonstrate that they do not represent a simple liquid line of descent. In addition, the mineralogical data indicate that they are not likely to represent cumulates on the floor of the magma chamber from which the observed volcanic rocks have been derived. Titanbiotite crystallization preceded kaersutite crystallization in the plutonic rocks but that order was inverse in the volcanic rocks. The trachytic-phonolitic rocks contain Fe-rich olivine phenocrysts, whereas the plutonic inclusions do not. These discrepancies can be accounted for by the assumption that the investigated plutonic rocks represent some cumulus parts of intrusive bodies solidified at shallower depth than the magma reservoir beneath the island. Petrographic features of the gabbroic inclusions are suggestive that olivine was probably in a reaction relationship with liquid to form titanbiotite. Comparison with petrological data of the volcanic rocks also implies that olivine was in a reaction relationship with an intermediate alkalic magma in both the intruded magmas at shallow depth and in the magma chamber at great depth. This is the cause of the olivine compositional gap in the high-K volcanic suite. Titanbiotite is a major reaction product.

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Plutonische Einschlüsse und Olivine in Kalium-reichen Vulkaniten von Ulreung Island, Korea

Zusammenfassung Haupt- und Spurenelementdaten von vier alkalischen gabbroiden, zwei monzonitische Haupt- und Spurenelementdaten von vier alkalischen gabbroiden, zwei monzonitische und neun syenitischen Einschlüssen von Ulreung Island, Korea, sowie analytische Daten der Mineralkomponenten werden vorgelegt. Obwohl der Hauptelementchemismus andeutet, daß die plutonischen Intrusionen und die vergesellschafteten vulkanischen Gesteine comagmatisch sind, zeigen die Spurenelementdaten, daß diese nicht eine einfache Magmenlinie darstellen. Außerdem zeigen die mineralogischen Daten an, daß die Gesteine wahrscheinlich keine Kumulate vom Boden der Magmenkammer sind, von welcher die beobachteten vulkanischen Gesteine herstammen. In den plutonischen Gesteinen kristallisierte Titan-Biotit früher als der Kaersutit. In den vulkanischen Gesteinen ist diese Reihenfolge jedoch umgekehrt. Die trachitischen/phonolitischen Gesteine enthalten im Gegensatz zu den plutonischen Einschlüssen Fe-reiche Olivin-Phenokrysten. Diese Unterschiede können durch die Annahme erklärt werden, daß die untersuchten plutonischen Gesteine bestimmte Kumulate eines intrusiven Körpers sind, der in geringerer Tiefe als das Magmenreservoir unterhalb der Inseln erstarrte. Petrographische Kennzeichen von gabbroischen Einschlüssen deuten darauf hin, daß der Olivin wahrscheinlich mit der Schmelze reagiert hat und Titan-Biotit bildete. Ein Vergleich der petrographischen Daten der vulkanischen Gesteine Vergleich der petrographischen Daten der vulkanischen Gesteine läßt ebenfalls den Schluß zu, daß Olivin mit einem intermediären alkalischen Magma in beiden, dem intrudierten Magma in geringer Tiefe und der Magmakammer in großer Tiefe, reagierte. Dies ist der Grund für die Lücke in der Olivinzusammensetzung in der Kalium-reichen vulkanischen Suite. Titan-Biotit ist ein Hauptreaktionsprodukt.

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With 9 Figures     

Basalt produced by mechanical mixing of andesite magma and gabbroic fragments: Hakone volcano and adjacent areas, central Japan

Rocks from Hakone volcano and the adjacent Hata and Aziro areas were studied to clarify the anomalous partition coefficient of Ce between olivine and groundmass in the basalts of Hakone. In addition, the most primitive basalt is more enriched in REE than the other basalts from this volcano.The REE features are well explained by a mechanical mixing model. The basaltic rocks from the volcano are mixtures of basic andesite magma and fragments of gabbroic rock. Most of minerals of phenocrystic size and glomeroporphyritic crystal aggregates in the basaltic rocks are xenocrysts and were derived from a gabbroic body lying beneath the volcano. This conclusion is consistent with major element, mineralogical and petrographical data.