A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.     

Investigation of inner-basin variation: Impact of large reservoirs on water regimes of downstream water bodies

Large dams and reservoirs alter not only the natural flow regimes of streams and rivers but also their flooding cycles and flood magnitudes. Although the effect of dams and reservoirs has been reported for some vulnerable locations, the understanding of the inner-basin variation with respect to the effects remains limited. In this study, we analyse the Three Gorges Dam (TGD) built on the Changjiang mainstream (Yangtze River) to investigate the dam effect variations in the system of interconnected water bodies located downstream. We investigated the effect of flow alterations along the downstream river network using discharge time series at different gauging stations. The river–lake interactions (referring to the interactions between the Changjiang mainstream and its tributary lakes i.e. the Dongting and Poyang lakes) and their roles in modifying the TGD effect intensity were also investigated in the large-scale river–lake system. The results show that the water storage of the tributary lakes decreased after the activation of the TGD. Severe droughts occurred in the lakes, weakening their ability to recharge the Changjiang mainstream. As a consequence, the effect of the TGD on the Changjiang flow increase during the dry season diminished quickly downstream of the dam, whereas its impact on the flow decrease during the wet season gradually exacerbated along the mainstream, especially at sites located downstream of the lake outlets. Therefore, when assessing dam-induced hydrological changes, special attention should be paid to the changes in the storage of tributary lakes and the associated effects in the mainstream. This is of high importance for managing the water resource trade-offs between different water bodies in dam-affected riverine systems.     

末次冰消期（1.9万年）以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物来源及其环境响应

基于采自冲绳海槽中部的CS2站柱状沉积物黏土矿物和AMS¹⁴C年代分析，探讨了末次冰消期以来冲绳海槽中部黏土矿物的物质来源及其环境指示意义。结果显示，CS2站黏土矿物以伊利石为主，其次为绿泥石，高岭石和蒙脱石含量较少。根据黏土矿物分布趋势变化，CS2站柱状沉积物可划分为3个阶段：阶段（I 19~12 ka BP）和阶段Ⅱ （12~8 ka BP）期间沉积物主要来源于长江，台湾和黄河物质也有一定影响，其物质来源主要受海平面升降的控制；阶段Ⅲ（8~0 ka BP）主要来源于长江和台湾，黄河贡献有限，主要受黑潮演化的影响。CS2站（蒙脱石+高岭石） （/伊利石+绿泥石）比值可以作为东亚季风演化的矿物学指标，指标变化显示出东亚冬季风强度相对夏季风的强度在16.4~14.8 ka BP和12.8~11.6 ka BP期间有两次显著的加强，指示当时气候相对寒冷干燥，结果可以与格陵兰冰心δ¹⁸O和三宝洞δ¹⁸O记录等很好对比。     

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区，从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发，结合矿区现有条件，设置11种恢复措施，选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标，采用主成分分析法，得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明，单一恢复措施，如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的，存在一定的缺陷，恢复效益排名比较靠后；多种措施相结合，不仅能改善土壤环境，也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化，生态恢复效益很好；同一种恢复措施，施行年限越长恢复效果越好。     

Farmland Abandonment Research Progress: Influencing Factors and Simulation Model

Farmland abandonment is a global problem and considered one of the most important areas in land use change research. Farmland abandonment research currently focuses on understanding the factors that affect farmland abandonment and developing scientific models to simulate farmland abandonment. The study reviewed the natural and political factors driving farmland abandonment and summarized the main models for farmland abandonment simulation together with their advantages and disadvantages. We discuss the main ecological effects of farmland abandonment and propose farmland abandonment research directions. The study found that: (1) the influence of labor cost change and ageing labor force on farmland abandonment needs further investigation, (2) simulation models for farmland abandonment must include the decision-making mechanism of individual farmers and focus on macro large-scale abandonment prediction models, and (3) the influence of farmland abandonment on landscape culture must be investigated in detail.     

四川盆地广安地区中二叠统栖霞组岩石特征与沉积环境

四川盆地中二叠统栖霞组勘探发现系列油气，资源潜力巨大。但广安地区中二叠统栖霞组的岩石学特征及沉积环境研究薄弱。在野外地质调查的基础上，结合室内岩石学、岩相学等综合分析，对广安地区栖霞组碳酸盐岩岩石特征、沉积相类型及其古地理展布特征进行了系统研究。结果表明：广安地区栖霞组主要发育亮晶颗粒灰岩、亮晶生物碎屑灰岩、微晶生物碎屑灰岩、微晶颗粒灰岩、生物碎屑微晶灰岩、含生物碎屑微晶灰岩和泥晶灰岩7种岩石类型；碳酸盐岩颗粒主要以生物碎屑为主，部分层位发育球粒；古生物化石以三叶虫、腕足和有孔虫为主，同时可见棘皮类和藻类；栖霞组沉积期主要为碳酸盐岩台地沉积环境，其中栖霞组晚期（栖二段）台缘滩和台内滩较为发育，为该区油气成藏提供了有利条件。     

考虑填充墙影响的钢筋混凝土厂房结构地震易损性分析

采用对角斜撑模拟纵向填充墙的作用，建立考虑填充墙和不考虑填充墙厂房结构模型，采用拉丁超立方抽样技术建立考虑材料不确定性的结构分析样本，基于随机Pushover分析确定结构不同破坏状态下的统计参数。综合考虑结构材料强度及输入地震动不确定性的影响，通过非线性时程分析开展单层钢筋混凝土厂房结构易损性研究，在此基础上比较结构横、纵向易损性的差异，研究填充墙对结构易损性的影响。研究结果表明:钢筋混凝土厂房结构体系横向地震易损性显著大于纵向地震易损性；对纵向结构体系而言，加入填充墙会明显降低结构易损性，但在相同强度的地震动作用下，填充墙破坏程度比主体结构严重，这与厂房结构的实际震害特征相符。     

近六百年来长江三角洲地区城镇空间与城镇体系格局演变分析

基于历史文献、古地图和现代遥感数据,引入历史学古代城镇形态复原方法,复原（提取）明代以来长江三角洲地区113座城镇7个时间断面（1461年、1820年、1930年、1970年、1980年、2000年和2010年）下的城镇边界,采用扩张速率、扩张效率、首位度指数和位序-规模法则,分析了近六百年来区域城镇空间与城镇体系等级规模演变格局。取得以下研究结果：\mathrm{①}研究时段内,区内城镇用地总规模由205.98 km²增加到6442.19 km²,扩大了31.27倍;城镇扩张经历了萌芽阶段（明清时期）、起步阶段（民国至改革开放前夕）、成长阶段（改革开放至2000年）和加速阶段（2000—2010年）,城镇扩张速率不断加快,但扩张效率有待提升;\mathrm{②}在城镇等级规模空间格局上,明清时期南京与苏州为区内的一级城镇,民国后,上海逐渐取代其地位,从五级城镇发展成为区域核心城镇,四级以上城镇主要集中在长江干流沿岸和太湖流域,五级以下城镇大多集中在安徽;城镇体系呈首位型分布,城镇首位度较高,且改革开放后的城镇首位度较明清与民国时期要高,不同等级规模城镇之间差距扩大,大城镇优势较强。近30年,长江沿岸城镇发展加速,苏锡常都市圈、南京都市圈等逐渐形成并快速发展。     

近15a陕西省植被时空变化与影响因素分析

利用2000—2014年MODIS/NDVI时间序列数据，采用栅格像元趋势分析、稳定性评价的方法，研究了陕西省近15 a植被的时空变化特征和规律；利用Hurst指数对陕西省植被未来变化趋势进行了预测；并利用相关性分析法分析了NDVI与年均温度和降雨量的关系。结果表明，2000年、2015年陕西省NDVI均值分别为0.4273、0.4942， 15 a来增加了0.067，增长了16.0%，其中陕北地区NDVI增加明显，关中部分地区出现负增长，陕南地区NDVI总体依旧维持在较高水平。陕西省植被变化趋势具有明显的空间差异性，全省植被未变化的占52.0 %，改善部分占44.27 %，退化部分占3.73%，说明15 a间陕西省植被覆盖改善面积大于退化面积，植被状况有所改善；其中陕北地区植被呈明显改善区域面积较大，关中地区植被覆盖面积有所减少，陕南地区植被变化幅度较小。陕西省植被稳定区域占50%以上（0 0.2)，说明15a间陕西省植被较为稳定，变化程度不大；其中陕西省植被最稳定地区主要集中在陕南、延安南部，榆林部分、西安、渭南少部地区变化幅度较大。Hurst指数分析表明陕西省44.54%面积的植被未来有可能面临退化，主要分布在陕北和关中地区的北部，植被未来有可能退化也有可能改善的面积占49.78%，主要分布在延安和陕南地区。陕西省近15 a气温和降水量总体呈增加趋势，增加速率分别为0.48 ℃·(10 a)-1和69.5 mm ( a)-1；相关性分析结果表明，年均降雨量是影响NDVI的主要气象因子，同时陕西省植被变化也受到了退耕还林还草、防沙治沙、生态政治等人为因素的影响。     

碳化对加填料氯氧镁胶凝材料力学性能的影响

以添加不同掺量填料的氯氧镁水泥(MOC)试件为基体,在空气和碳化箱中分别养护至规定龄期,研究碳化对掺加填料MOC力学性能的影响,并与空气环境进行对比,运用XRD和SEM分析碳化后水化产物和微观结构的变化规律。结果表明,28 d龄期内,随着填料掺量的增加MOC试件碳化后的抗折强度均有所增加,碳化后的抗压强度均有提升,碳化过程反应生成了MgCO_3,不同碳化龄期的主要物相均为5Mg(OH)_2·MgCl_2·8H_2O(5相),而掺加填料不影响MOC的水化产物的组成。