Phenotypic correlations of somatic and gonad traits of sea urchins Glyptocidaris crenularis in two sampled periods: first insight into its breeding and aquaculture

Prior knowledge of the correlations among commercially important traits in Glyptocidaris crenularis can be used to guide development of breeding and aquaculture programs for this species. We evaluated the phenotypic correlations between somatic and gonadal traits in G. crenularis during two sample periods （October 2010 and April 2011）. The coefficients of variation （CV%） for body weight （BW）, redness （a＊）, yellowness （b＊）, gonad wet weight （GW）, and gonad index （GI） were 〉20% in both periods, while those of other traits were very low. GW was significantly correlated with somatic traits （diameter, height, and body weight） in both periods, although the correlation coefficients ranged from 0.473 to 0.636 （P〈0.01）. Gonad moisture content （GC）, a＊, and lightness （L＊） were not significantly correlated with somatic traits （P〉0.05）. The color trait b＊ was negatively correlated with somatic traits （test diameter, test height, and body weight） during the period when the gonads were well developed （April 2011, P〈0.05）. We observed little difference in the nature of the phenotypic correlations between the two sample periods. The high variation in the somatic and gonad weight traits in G. crenularis suggests there is considerable potential for selective breeding. However, our results suggest that gonad quality traits cannot be selected indirectly by selecting for body weight. Our study provides an insight into the method for improving the breeding and aquaculture of G. crenulari.     

廊坊市雷电灾害易损性分析、评估及易损度区划

利用1968～2007年河北省廊坊市9个地面气象观测站的雷暴资料及1998～2007年廊坊市雷电灾情统计数据,结合其区域经济状况和人口密度,确定用雷暴日数（M）、雷电灾害频度（R）、经济（GDP）易损模数（E）、经济损失模数（E’）、生命易损模数（L）、生命损伤模数（L’）作为廊坊市雷电灾害易损性评估指标。计算出廊坊市各县（市、区）6个雷电灾害易损性评估指标后分等级进行综合评估与分析,得出各县市区的易损度,并按5级分区法对廊坊市雷电灾害易损度进行区划。结果表明：廊坊市开发区为极高易损区,全市无低易损区和极低易损区。     

京津冀强对流天气的环境场条件及触发机制

利用MICAPS、自动气象站、FY2气象卫星和美国NCEP 1°×1°再分析等资料,对2019年7月29日出现在京津冀的一次区域性强对流天气过程进行综合分析,探讨了其发生的大尺度天气背景以及环境场和触发机制。结果表明：高空西风槽与副热带高压、低空切变线和地面冷锋是此次暖区强对流天气形成的主要影响系统,地面辐合线的生成对强天气的爆发起到了触发作用;副高外围的暖湿气流在850 hPa形成西南低空急流,配合低空切变线的作用使得水汽在京津冀地区强烈辐合,当850 hPa水汽通量散度降至-4×10-8 g/(cm2·hPa·s)以下时,预示着强降雨的出现,而700 hPa大气的辐合、500 hPa以上的强辐散加强了大气的垂直上升运动,对雨强产生明显的增幅作用;冀南地区中高层的干空气侵入使大气的层结不稳定增强,引发了雷暴大风,北京的深厚湿层则更利于产生高强度的降水,即雷暴大风的生成需要更强的大气层结不稳定性。     

温度对海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)和中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)遮蔽行为的影响

本文以贝壳作为遮蔽材料,研究不同温度水平和温度变化下海刺猬(Glyptocidaris crenularis)和中间球海胆(Strongylocentrotus intermedius)的遮蔽行为。温度实验结果表明:海刺猬在5°C条件下具有遮蔽行为的个体数以及利用的贝壳数显著少于15°C和25°C两组(P0.05),而后两组没有显著差异(P0.05);中间球海胆在25°C下具有遮蔽行为的个体数以及利用的贝壳数要显著少于15°C和5°C两组(P0.05),而后两组没有显著差异(P0.05)。温度变化的结果表明:5°C→20°C组海刺猬遮蔽行为所利用的贝壳数最少(P0.05),另外两组没有显著差异(P0.05);25°C→20°C组中间球海胆遮蔽行为所利用的贝壳数最少(P0.05),另外两组差异不显著(P0.05)。本研究为海胆行为生态学提供了新的思路和信息。     

Assessment of negative phototaxis in long-term fasted Glyptocidaris crenularis: a new insight into measuring stress responses of sea urchins in aquaculture

A cost-effective method was designed to measure the behavioral response of negative phototaxis to high-intensity illumination in the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis.Ninety sea urchins were randomly and equally divided into two aquaculture environment groups:a fasted group,which was starved during the experiment,and a fed group.After 10 months,the total mortality of each group was recorded.Then,15 sea urchins were randomly selected from each group and behavioral responses to high-intensity illumination were investigated for each sea urchin.After the behavioral experiment,body measurements of the trial sea urchins were taken.The results reveal that food deprivation significantly affected test diameter(P<0.01),body weight(P<0.01),gonad weight(P<0.01),and gut weight(P<0.01).Furthermore,food deprivation also affected negative phototaxis behaviors of time to rapid spine movement(P<0.01),time to the 1 cm position(P<0.05),and walking distance in 300 s(P<0.01),but not time to body reaction(P>0.05).The mortality rates of fasted and fed urchins were 6.7%and 0%,respectively.The present study provides evidence that food deprivation has a significant effect on phenotypic traits and behavioral responses to high-intensity illumination in the sea urchin G.crenularis.With this method,environmental stressors can be easily detected by measuring proper optional indicators.This study provides a new insight into measuring stress responses of sea urchins in aquaculture.However,further studies should be carried out to understand more environmental factors and to compare this potential behavioral method with immune,physiological,and epidemiological approaches.