TESTING DRAG COEFFICIENT APPROACHES BY USING THE BUOY DATA COLLECTED IN MODERATE TO HIGH WIND UNDER FOLLOWING, CROSSING AND OPPOSING SWELL CONDITIONS

Hurricane intensity and track are strongly affected by air-sea interactions. Classified as following swells, crossing swells, and opposing swells, the observed wave height was parameterized by using the 10-m wind speed collected on 5 buoys by the National Buoy Data Center during 13 hurricane events. The path information of these 13 hurricanes was obtained from the National Hurricane Center Best Track (NHC-BT). Results show that the wave height increases exponentially with the 10-m wind speed, and the wave height reaches the maximum value, 11.2 m (8.1 m), when 10-m wind speed is 40 m s-1 under the following and crossing (opposing) swell conditions. We find that the wave steepness (the ratio of wave height to wave length) is proportional to the -2/3 power of the wave age (the ratio of wave phase velocity to 10-m wind speed). The parameterizations of friction velocity and drag coefficient are tested using the buoy data collected in moderate to high wind under following, crossing and opposing swell conditions. A wave age dependent equation for drag coefficient is found more accurate and suggested for future usage in numerical models. Further, these algorithms also suggest that wind-swell orientation needs to be considered to retrieve accurate surface drag under high winds and strong swells.     

强风条件下海面拖曳系数和粗糙长度研究

进一步研究强风条件下海-气湍流动量交换以及海浪特征,有助于提高数值天气模式对台风强度演变、移动路径以及恶劣海况的预报能力。依照前人的方法将台风分为风向与浪向(1)相同,(2)相反,和(3)交叉3个扇形区,并结合台风路径数据,得到了浮标数据相对于台风的方位。分别对3种类型的浮标数据进行分析,进而发现了波浪高度和相速度随风速增加而变化的规律。并利用GWW参数化方案计算出摩擦速度(u_*)、拖曳系数(C_DN)和粗糙长度(z₀)。将这些结果与前人代表性的研究论文中所用观测数据和所得研究结论进行比较,结果表明二者有较强的一致性。该研究证明GWW参数化方案在强风条件下依然有很好的适用性。     

风廓线雷达和地基微波辐射计资料在台风天气分析中的应用

利用常规地面观测资料、风廓线雷达及微波辐射计资料,对2020年8月4—5日第4号台风“黑格比”在浦东机场的一次强降水天气过程统计分析。结果表明：(1)副热带高压的强势稳定与台风挤压,导致浦东机场维持长时间的强风;(2)4日中午12:00以后,平均风速稳定在10 m/s以上并伴有阵风,约离台风距离浦东机场同纬度前后9 h,风向在4日21:00以后由东南风转为偏南风,12 h(4日21:00至5日09:00)累计降水量达57.9 mm;(3)云系结构在未登录之前,基本维持“9”字形,“黑格比”的螺旋云带主体位于台风的东南象限,北侧云带边界清晰,先向西北方向移动,逐渐影响浙江东南部沿海,其后又向正北方向移动,影响上海、江苏,于4日晚上21:00到达上海同纬度正西侧,且台风主体结构开始减弱松散;(4)出现明显降水过程时,5 km以下高度层垂直速度出现相应的显著大值区,垂直速度最大值接近9 m/s且高度可以达5 km以上,其数值与降水强度成正相关的关系;(5)当1 km以下高度层出现大气折射率结构常数Cn2高值区,且在2～6 km高度层出现次高值区时,对应着强降水,当高值区逐渐减弱时,表示强降水...