Understanding spontaneous biodiversity in informal urban green spaces: A local-landscape filtering framework with a test on wall plants

In densely urbanized areas, small pockets of vegetated areas such as street verges, vacant lots, and walls can be rich in biodiversity. In spite of their small size, these ‘informal urban greenspaces’ can provide critical ecosystem services to urban residents. Maintaining and enhancing the provisioning of ecosystem services requires a systematic understanding of biodiversity patterns and drivers in informal urban green spaces. The ‘environmental filtering’ (a process of certain species selected by specific environmental conditions) concept in community ecology theory may serve as a useful tool for this goal. We tested a multi-scale filtering framework by examining the spontaneous plant diversity patterns (from 83 surveyed sites) on the vertical surfaces of the ancient city wall of Nanjing, China. We found that the variables representing local-habitat filtering (e.g., wall substrates and aspect) and landscape filtering (including spatial configuration of urban land cover, and nighttime light intensity surrounding the local habitats) can jointly explain substantial fractions of variations in taxonomic diversity (up to ca. 60%) and functional diversity (up to ca. 40%). The explanatory power was stronger in the repaired wall habitats than in the unrepaired counterparts, in line with the prediction that environmental filtering is more pronounced during the early stages of community assembly. While the strength of landscape filtering showed clear scale-dependency, its relative importance consistently outweighs local-habitat filtering across all study scales of 200–1600 m, suggesting that configuration of neighboring landscape context can play an important role in shaping local-scale biodiversity of informal urban green spaces. Our results have useful implications for the study, design, and management of informal urban green spaces. Well-tailored multi-scale filtering frameworks may contribute to understanding urban biodiversity patterns in a systematic way.     

Identifying areas of aquatic plant richness in a Mediterranean hotspot to improve the conservation of freshwater ecosystems

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Freshwater biodiversity conservation through source water protection: Quantifying the potential and addressing the challenges

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Freshwater conservation planning informed and validated by public participation: The Ebro catchment,Spain, as a case study

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Fishing for feed in China: Facts,impacts and implications

China is the world's largest capture fisheries and aquaculture producer. Over recent decades, China's domestic marine catch composition has changed markedly, from large volumes of a few high‐valued food species to multiple, small, low‐valued, species, a significant proportion of which is primarily used as animal, especially fish, feed. Despite the growing volume and economic importance of the feed catches, their species composition, catch volumes and socio‐environmental impacts are all poorly understood. Based on a nationwide survey of >800 fishing vessels, and the identification and measurement of >12,000 fish and invertebrate individuals, the present study provides an overview of the feed component of China's domestic marine catch, by volumes, species and sizes, and found it to be substantial and biologically unsustainable. Half of the trawler catch (3 million metric tons, mmt), or 35% of the total catch (4.6 mmt) in China's exclusive economic zone, are now comprised of low‐valued “feed‐grade fish”. The present study identified 218 fish species, 50 crustaceans and five cephalopods, and of these, 102 fish species were food species with 89% individuals in their juvenile size ranges. Feed‐grade fish were mainly used as aquaculture feed directly, or indirectly, through the feed industry after reduction to fishmeal and fish oil. The unparalleled scale and poor fisheries resource condition of China's domestic marine fisheries, in parallel with severe overfishing of juveniles, creates a demand for fundamental changes to fishery management practices, including a significant reduction of fishing effort to ensure productivity and ecosystem resilience.     

Rapid change in Yangtze fisheries and its implications for global freshwater ecosystem management

Freshwater capture fisheries are globally essential for food security and aquatic biodiversity conservation. The Yangtze River Basin is the third longest and one of the most human‐influenced drainage basins worldwide. Since the founding of P. R. China in 1949, this large river system has suffered increasing human perturbation and its sustainable development is now severely challenged. Meta‐analysis showed that Yangtze River fisheries have experienced an extraordinary process of utilization–over‐exploitation–protection during the past 70 years, to an extent that other globally important rivers may never have encountered. Its fisheries appear to have collapsed over the past four decades, with yield decreasing to only 25% of an historical peak of 400,000 metric tonnes in the late 1950s. Endemic, migratory and rare fishes have been highly threatened with obvious changes in fish community structure and aquatic biodiversity. Anthropogenic activities, including impoundment of water in dams, discharge of pollutants and riverine modification for vessel navigation, have caused large decreases in fisheries yields. Projections from surplus production modelling showed potential for improvement under fishing ban scenarios, but without any prospect for full recovery to historical stock status. This study revealed that the change in fisheries resources was dominated by the social–ecological watershed system, and an integrated approach to river basin management is warranted. Better management of freshwater ecosystems to integrate food security with biodiversity conservation is urgently needed throughout the world, and the changes evident in the Yangtze River fish populations can serve as an informative global reference.     

曹娥江流域鱼类资源调查

近三十年来曹娥江流域水利工程建设、水域环境、渔业捕捞等影响鱼类生存的环境因素发生了较大的改变,迫切需要对流域内的鱼类资源现状重新进行调查研究。本研究于 2015~2018 年对曹娥江流域 9 个采集点的鱼类资源进行调查分析。结果表明,调查共获得鱼类 105 种,隶属于 13 目 26 科。其中,鲤形目种类最多,为 65 种,占总种类数的 61.90%,优势种为鲢、麦穗鱼和子陵吻虾虎鱼。曹娥江水域鱼类群落Shannon–Wiener多样性指数（H''）为 1.9718,Simpson优势度指数（λ）为 0.3297,Pielou均匀度指数（J''）为 0.4237,Margalef种类丰富度指数(D)为 10.5741。与《浙江省动物志?淡水鱼类》中记载的曹娥江鱼类调查结果比较,本次调查获得鱼类中肉食性鱼类比例减少,杂食性鱼类比例增加,同时 Shannon–Wiener多样性指数（H''）和Pielous均匀度指数（J''）下降。这一结果表明,与上世纪九十年代相比,近年来曹娥江流域鱼类群落结构的复杂性降低,其稳定性降低;鱼类生物多样性下降提示曹娥江鱼类资源正处在衰退之中。因此,曹娥江流域仍需采取有效措施,进一步加强流域内鱼类资源保护。     

梯级开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落结构特征及环境驱动因子

为了探明梯级电站开发下金沙江下游鱼类群落的结构特征及主要环境驱动因子,于2017年对春季和秋季金沙江下游尚未建成的乌东德和白鹤滩水电站江段以及已下闸蓄水的溪洛渡和向家坝水电站江段应用多网目复合刺网进行了鱼类群落定量研究,同时运用多种统计分析方法分析了鱼类多样性特征以及鱼类群落与环境因子的关系。研究发现仍保持正常流水未成库区的乌东德和白鹤滩江段鱼类群落与已成库区的溪洛渡和向家坝江段有着明显的差异。在仍为峡谷激流型生境的江段,鱼类组成以土著特有鱼类为主,优势种为喜流水的圆口铜鱼C. guichenoti、泉水鱼P. procheilus、犁头鳅L. fimbriata;而在已蓄水的库区江段,鱼类组成多为长江中下游常见种类,优势种为喜静水缓流的?H. leucisculus、飘鱼P. sinensis、似鱎T. wwinhonis。应用典范对应分析对鱼类群落与环境因子做了相关分析,发现影响金沙江下游鱼类群落的主要环境驱动因子包括水深、总固体悬浮物、电导率、pH和水温等。这些研究结果为制定金沙江下游鱼类种质资源和生物多样性保护的相关管理政策提供了基础与支撑。     

微小亚历山大藻amtk-4共附生菌群多样性及其产毒新种Z1-D的sxtA1基因进化研究

藻菌关系是揭示赤潮生消与防控、赤潮毒素产生机制的关键,而产毒甲藻共附生菌群多样性及可培养菌株的获得是解析藻菌关系的前提。微小亚历山大藻(Alexandrium minutum)是全球性典型赤潮甲藻,其产生的麻痹性贝类毒素(PSP)危害巨大,但目前对其共附生菌群尚缺乏系统性研究。通过高通量测序首次解析了产毒微小亚历山大藻amtk-4共附生菌群的物种种类及相对丰度信息;分离获得可培养菌株并对筛选获得的产毒细菌新种Z1-D的毒素合成基因sxtA1进行了基因进化分析,结果表明,amtk-4共附生菌群包括85个OTU,其中包括10门、20纲、40目、59科及87属。其6个优势属包括Phycisphaeraceae科未知属(11.8%)、Muricauda属(10.3%)、腐螺旋菌科未鉴定属(9.1%)、Hyphomonadaceae科未鉴定属(8.9%)、Haliea属(5.7%)及红细菌科未鉴定属(5.1%)。amtk-4共附生菌群中未鉴定属比例高达53.4%。藻生长稳定期所分离获得的可培养细菌数量及种类最多。5株细菌中菌株Z1-D及Z1-4经分子鉴定分别为亚硫酸杆菌属(Sulfitobacter)及Mesorhizobium属新种。其中Z1-D发酵代谢产物含微量石房蛤毒素(STX),其基因片段orf-01498与蓝藻sxtA1基因高度同源,与产毒蓝藻间可能存在着基因共同进化。     

烟威海域游泳动物群落结构研究

根据2016—2017年4个季度烟威海域渔业资源底拖网调查数据,分析了游泳动物群落结构特征。结果表明:烟威海域4个季节调查共捕获游泳动物121种,其中鱼类79种,甲壳类36种(虾类20种,蟹类16种),头足类6种。优势种为鳀(Engraulis japonicas)、细纹狮子鱼(Liparis tanakae)、黄鮟鱇(Lophius litulon)、日本褐虾(Crangon hakodatei)。游泳动物种类Margalef丰富度指数(D)的变化范围为2.50～2.90,ShannonWiener多样性指数(H')变化范围为1.62～1.79,Pielou均匀度指数(J')变化范围为0.55～0.59。根据聚类分析结果,烟威海域游泳动物群落可以划分为3组:组1(深水组)、组2(浅水组)、组3(低生物量组)。相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明,组间季节差异明显(P<0.01)。相似性百分比分析(SIMPER)表明,细纹狮子鱼、黄鮟鱇、日本褐虾为组1主要典型贡献种,口虾蛄(Oratosquil laoratoria)、鳀、日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)为组2典型贡献种,组3典型贡献种在春季为日本褐虾和细纹狮子鱼,冬季为高眼鲽(Cleisthenes herzensteini)、黄鮟鱇和方氏云鳚(Enedrias fangi)。其中组3站位全部位于水深超过50 m的海域,且主要贡献种都为冷水性、底栖习性物种,在夏、秋季时,组3内主要典型种贡献降低,因此归为组1。