Fatty acid composition of human heart phospholipids: data from 53 biopsy specimens

Fatty acid composition of human heart phospholipids was determined in 53 specimens of left ventricular myocardium collected during mitral valve replacement. Ages of the subjects (29 males and 24 females) ranged from 14 to 75 years (mean age = 54). Samples were immediately placed in chloroform-methanol 2/1, v/v to which antioxidant was added. Extracted phospholipids were converted to methyl esters which were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography on glass capillary columns. Morphological examination was also performed on 35 out of 53 samples. Age of the patients as well as the morphological state of the organ had no significant effect on major fatty acids in heart phospholipids. No difference by sex was detected. Trans-octadecenoic isomers were detected in all samples but they remained at a low level (0.4% to 1.2% of the total fatty acids).     

Lack of carcinogenicity of lyophilized Agaricus blazei Murill in a F344 rat two year bioassay.

The Brazilian mushroom Agaricus blazei Murill has antimutagenic, antioxidant, immunostimulatory and antitumorigenic activities, and is increasingly consumed as a health food worldwide. We undertook the present study to evaluate the chronic toxicity and oncogenicity of A. blazei Murill in F344 rats. To establish a no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL), four treatment groups of 100 rats each (50 males and 50 females) were fed a powder diet containing lyophilized A. blazei aqueous extract at 0, 6250, 12,500, and 25,000 ppm for up to 2 years. During this period, there was no remarkable change in mean body weight, body weight gain, hematologic or serum chemistry parameters, or absolute or relative organ weights in control or treatment groups. Mortality in male treatment groups (26%, 16%, and 30%), however, was significantly lower than in controls (48%). Histopathological studies showed no increased incidence of tumors in any treatment group, and total tumor incidence across all groups was comparable to historical data. In conclusion, an A. blazei Murill lyophilized powder diet even at 25,000 ppm (1176 mg/kgb x w x /day for male rats and 1518 mg/kgb.w./day for female rats) resulted in no remarkable carcinogenic effects in F344 rats over a 2-year period. Therefore, the dietary NOAEL is 25,000 ppm.     

Can current dietary exposure models handle aggregated intake from different foods? A simulation study for the case of two foods

Current dietary exposure models provide estimates of long-term intake distributions using short-term food consumption survey data, by statistically modeling the aggregated intakes from different foods consumed on the same day for each participant of the survey. Food consumption behaviour in a population may, however, show all sorts of correlations which are not modelled in these exposure models. We developed a simulation model describing a hypothetical population of consumers, assuming various types of correlation between two foods. Using this simulation model we found that the impact of the correlations in many cases is limited, but in particular circumstances it can be substantial, depending on the properties of the marginal distributions. Further, we found that the usual approach of first aggregating the observed intakes over foods, and then applying the statistical exposure models to the total daily intakes may lead to deviating results, even when all correlations are assumed to be zero. The approach of analyzing the intakes from the separate foods, and then aggregating the results from the statistical model applied to each food performed much better. Our results illustrate that the simulation model can be used for validating dietary exposure models, and for indicating how exposure models may be improved.     

Estimation of dietary intake of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and related substances from coffee to Spanish population

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is naturally formed during food processing or cooking activities, giving its ubiquity in the Western diet. HMF could be metabolised to 5-sulfooxymethylfurfural making HMF potentially harmful in an extent unknown at present. Coffee is the main exposure source. Occurrence of HMF, 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furoic acid (HMFA) and 2-furoic acid (FA) were measured in commercial ground coffee and soluble coffee marketed in Spain. Levels of 110, 625, 1734, 2480 mg HMF/kg were obtained for natural, blend, torrefacto and soluble coffee, respectively, giving four classes significantly different. Soluble coffee showed the largest variability in HMF. Levels of HMFA and FA did not change significantly being about 600 mg/kg. Dietary exposure to HMF coffee to consumption in the total Spanish population was estimated to be 8.57 mg/day by using a deterministic approach. However, median level was recalculated to 5.26 mg HMF/day when specific contribution of each type of ground and soluble coffee in the consumption habits was considered. Resultant value is above of the threshold of concern (1600 μg HMF/day, mTAMDI). A level of 8.57 mg HMF/day in persons with high consumption habits (95th percentile) was calculated for risk assessment.     

呼吸科护士对糖尿病患者饮食健康教育的现状分析与对策

目的探究呼吸科护士对糖尿病患者饮食健康教育的现状进行分析,并制定应对措施,强化糖尿病患者饮食健康教育的应用效果。方法选取2017年8月-2019年8月在该院呼吸科治疗的伴有糖尿病的84例患者为研究对象,对该科室糖尿病患者饮食健康教育的现状进行分析,并总结制定糖尿病饮食健康教育护理对策,比较对策实施前后患者护理满意度和健康知识的了解情况、饮食的控制情况以及患者血液糖代谢指标和BIM指标。结果对策实施后患者护理满意度为94.0%明显高于实施前,健康知识的了解情况、饮食控制情况明显优于实施前,差异有统计学意义(χ2=36.200,P<0.05);且实施后患者FBG、CH、HbAlc、BMI指标分别为(5.7±1.2)mmol/L、(5.1±0.7)mmol/L、(5.9±1.5)mmol/L、(23.0±1.7)kg/m^2明显优于对照组差异有统计学意义(t=23.568、50.019、4.149、4.944,P<0.05)。结论呼吸科护士加强对糖尿病患者在饮食上的健康教育可增强患者对健康知识的了解程度,增强患者饮食控制依从性,有助于将患者血糖指标控制在合理范围。     

DDP评分法评价河南省居民1989和1997年的膳食营养状况

用ＤＤＰ的方法对河南省１９８９年、１９９７年４８０户居民膳食营养状况进行评价。将被调查者分为城市、小城镇、郊区、农村４组，每组又分为低、中、高３个收入阶层。结果显示：各收入阶层的城市居民膳食质量较好，但食用油摄入量超过了最大允许值。小城镇组得分明显低于城市组，但稍优于郊区和农村组。后３组的中、低收入者的膳食质量差，动物性及豆类食品摄入量低，食用油摄入量已达到或接近最大允许值。城乡居民膳食质量差距明显。与１９８９年相比，各组的膳食质量均有一定程度的提高。与其它食品相比，动物性食品及油脂的摄入量上升迅速。各组内的得分依收入的高低递减。被调查者的蛋白质和热量的摄入量均在ＲＤＡ的９０％以上。     

成都市城乡居民膳食组成及营养素的总膳食研究

应用总膳食研究方法对成都市城乡代表人群的膳食组成和16种营养素（碳水化合物、蛋白质、脂肪、视黄醇、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、铁、锌、镁、钾、钠、铜、锰、钻）进行了研究。结果表明：城市居民动物性食物消费普遍高于农村，其中，以猪肉为代表的肉类消费仍分别占城乡居民动物性食物消费总量的61．9％和87．6％；城乡代表性膳食组成仍以粮谷类和蔬菜等植物性为主；全市平均及城市多数食物消费水平已超过或接近推荐的2000年膳食目标，但农村与目标差距较大。全市平均及分城乡摄入的热量分别达到RDA的106．9％、102．1％和111．8％；蛋白质分别达到RDA的96．7％、104．7％和91，2％；铁、铜、锰、钴、钠的摄入量较充足，已分别达到我国RDA和WHO提出的ESADDI；但也存在全市平均及分城乡视黄醇当量、硫胺素、核黄素、抗坏血酸、钙、锌、钾均摄入不足以及城市脂肪摄入过高，农村蛋白质质量较差等值得重视的问题。与以往的研究结果比，居民的营养改善不明显。     

饮食干预对儿童缺铁性贫血治疗效果的影响

目的观察饮食干预对儿童缺铁性贫血治疗效果的影响。方法153例轻度贫血的患儿按半随机的方法分成治疗组77例，采用口服生血宁片＋饮食干预，对照组76例单纯采用口服生血宁片治疗。分别观察两组患儿RBC、HGB、HCT、MCV、MCH、ST、TiBc及临床疗效。结果两组治疗后RBC、HGB、MCV、MCH、Hb比较均有显著的差异（P〈0．001，P〈0．05）。治疗组、对照治疗前后ST、TiBc均有非常显著差异（P〈0．001）。两组治疗后ST、TiBc比较有非常显著的差异（P〈0．001）。两组治疗临床效果比较有统计学差异（P〈0．05）。结论我们采用生血宁片治疗儿童缺铁性贫血，同时进行饮食营养干预，取得了比较好的治疗效果。     

饮食限制对大鼠学习和记忆能力的影响

目的〓〖HTK〗研究饮食限制对大鼠学习、记忆能力影响的性别差异。〖HTW〗方法〓〖HTK〗SD雌、雄大鼠各40只，按性别随机分为100%进食组（对照组）、80%进食组（限制20%组）、60%进食组（限制40%组）、50%进食组（限制50%组）4组，喂养30d。测量体重，通过Morris水迷宫检测雌、雄大鼠各组的学习、记忆能力。〖HTW〗结果〓〖HTK〗限制40%组、限制50%组大鼠体质量明显下降(P＜0.05 )，雄性大鼠限制40%组和限制50%组的学习能力明显增强(P＜0.05 )，但记忆保持能力无明显改变，而雌性各组大鼠的学习和记忆能力均无明显改变。〖HTW〗结论〓〖HTK〗饮食限制对学习记忆能力的影响与性别有关。