参附注射液对海水浸泡性体温过低症大鼠的保护作用

目的研究参附注射液对海水浸泡性体温过低症大鼠血液生化指标和炎症等指标的影响及对各器官的保护作用,探讨可能的保护机制。方法将81只SD大鼠随机分为正常对照组(NC,6只)、低温对照组(DC,15只)、生理盐水注射组6 h(YW6,15只)、参附注射液组6h(SF6,15只)、生理盐水注射组12h(YW12,15只)、参附注射液组12 h(SF12,15只)。NC组为正常对照组,不做任何处理;DC组是低温海水浸泡组,浸泡完毕即刻采样;SF和YW组是实验组,大鼠分别在实验前3 d每天连续腹腔注射参附注射液或者生理盐水,剂量为15 mL/kg。各实验组大鼠在15℃低温海水中浸泡5 h后再次注射,被动复温6 h和12 h后取材,记录为SF6/12和YW6/12。记录各组大鼠的死亡率,体温的降温、升温时间及速率,生理状态(呼吸、心律、肌颤、腹温),血液生化指标(谷丙氨酸转氨酶(ALT)),谷草转氨酶(AST),乳酸脱氢酶(LDH),血肌酐(Cr)及器官的病理变化。结果SF组大鼠死亡率17%,YW组死亡率40%,P<0.05。SF组降温时间长于YW组,降温速度较YW短,P<0.05;相同观察时间点,SF组相比YW组的血液中炎症指标、生化指标都明显恢复更快,组织病理分析伤情较轻。结论参附注射液处理后能够降低海水浸泡性体温过低症大鼠的死亡率,改善低温大鼠生理指标、血液生化及炎症指标和脏器组织的损伤,对致伤大鼠起到保护作用。     

船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质检测及卫生学分析

目的:分析船舶反渗透海水淡化水的水质,从卫生学探讨船舶反渗透淡化水作为饮用水长期饮用对船员健康的可能影响。方法:水质分析按照《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)进行,并比较船舶反渗透海水淡化水、港口直供水、舱贮饮用水的水质差异。结果:船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟化物<0.01 mg/L,总硬度<1 mg/L,显著低于港口直供水和舱贮饮用水;同时硼为1.03 mg/L,超过《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006)限值的两倍。结论:从卫生学分析,长期饮用船舶反渗透海水淡化水对船员的健康可能有影响,建议适度增加船舶反渗透海水淡化水中氟、钙、镁等营养元素水平,同时进一步脱除硼,从而更好地保护船员的身心健康。     

DDS在海水浸泡四肢软组织火器伤中的应用

目的：观察药物缓释体（DDS）在肢体软组织火器伤合并海水浸泡伤区的作用。方法：采用初速度600－800m/s,0.38g钢珠弹或0．05gDNP小型点爆源致伤兔股后区软组织，并置于人工或天然海水中浸泡1小时，随后在实验组伤道置入DDS1枚。于伤后6、12、24、36小时观察伤道大体变化，并分别切取骨骼肌组织进行抑菌实验、病理学检查和细菌培养。结果：DDS对常见病原体如金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌和绿脓杆菌有强而持续的抑菌作用。与对照组相比，实验组伤区污染菌数和炎细胞浸润数均明显减少，且未见脓液形成。结论：DDS是预防火器伤合并海水浸泡伤道细菌感染的一种有效措施；局部使用DDS后，可以将外科清创时间延迟至36小时，故适宜于海战中的救治工作。     

东南沿海海域细菌分布及抗菌药物敏感性研究

目的 了解我国东南沿海海域细菌的种类、分布情况,以及细菌对抗菌药物的敏感性.方法 无菌采集海水,经增菌培养、细菌分离,进行细菌学鉴定和药敏试验.结果 102份海水分离出细菌34种203株;其中弧菌科细菌159株(78.33%),肠杆菌科细菌24株(11.82%),非发酵菌15株(7.39%),革兰阳性球菌3株(1.47%),厌氧菌2株(0.99%).药敏结果显示,157株致病性弧菌对亚胺培南、奈替米星、左氟氧沙星及头孢哌酮-舒巴坦的敏感率为100%,对头孢他啶、头孢噻肟、庆大霉素、环丙沙星、复方磺胺甲唑和替卡西林-克拉维酸的敏感率为90.45%～97.45%,对头孢唑林和氨苄西林的敏感率分别为25.48%和27.39%.结论 东南沿海海域细菌种类繁多、分布广泛,此项研究为该海域海水细菌感染的防治提供了依据.     

还原型谷胱甘肽联合甘草酸二铵对腹部开放伤后海水浸泡犬肝功能损伤的治疗作用

Objective To investigate effect of reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate on the treatment of hepatic damage in experimental dogs following open abdominal injuries coupled with seawater immersion. Methods Twenty-four dogs with open abdominal injuries were randomly divided into 3 groups: the control group (given with simple observation after 1.5 h seawater immersion); the routine treatment group (given routine care and fluid transfusion after 1.5 h seawater immersion) ; the hepatic treatment group (given routine are, fluid transfusion and hepatic treatment as well, after 1.5 h seawater immersion). Each group consisted of 8 dogs. Blood samples were taken at different time points to measure total bilirubin (TB), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), prothromin time (PT), endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and pathological examination was also made at the same time. Results For the control group, contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH increased significantly and survival time was less than 24 hours. Contents of TB, ALT, AST and LDH of the routine treatment group also increased significantly, but survival time of all the experimental animals was mere than 24 hours. Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate could reduce the extent of lesion quite significantly 12～24 hours following open abdominal injuries. Conclusions Reduced glutathione and diammonium glycyrrhizinate seemed to have good effects on the treatment and prevention against hepatic damage induced by trauma coupled with seawater immersion. It could be used as a primary means for the treatment of such kind of hepatic damage.     

海水浸泡爆炸伤延期植皮最佳时机的研究

目的确定海水浸泡爆炸伤延期植皮的最佳时机。方法建立海水浸泡爆炸伤动物模型后，分别于0、3、7、14d切取创面组织作病理切片，镜下观察创面受床的病理改变；同期对创区实施植皮术，通过计算机全自动图像分析系统准确计算出各组的皮片成活率。结果分别于伤后0、3、7、14d，对皮肤缺损区施行植皮术，发现不同时机植皮成活率不同，伤后7d对海水浸泡爆炸伤皮肤缺损区植皮，皮片成活率最高。结论海水浸泡爆炸伤延期7d后植皮是对创面实施植皮术的最佳时机。     

海水浸泡弹烧复合伤血细菌学与内脏病理学的变化

目的 探讨海水浸泡弹烧复合伤伤后血液细菌学变化与内脏病理学变化之间的关系。方法 建立海水浸泡弹烧复合伤模型后，依模型将15只成年杂种犬随机分为单纯弹烧复合伤组(简称非浸泡组，7只)和海水浸泡弹烧复合伤组(简称浸泡组，8只)，于伤后即刻和4、7、10、20、28h共6个时相点抽取静脉血进行血细菌培养。另于伤后28h和濒死期将动物活杀，取心、肝、肺、肾行病理学观察。结果 浸泡组动物菌血症出现较早且严重。导致菌血症的细菌来源复杂，不仅有肠道菌群，还有海水特有菌群和皮肤常驻菌群。在内脏器官组织病理学上，不仅有不同程度的血液循环障碍及退行性变，还有严重的炎症反应。结论 在海水浸泡弹烧复合伤中，伤后出现的严重菌血症进一步加重了内脏器官损伤。     

Surgical treatment for rabbits＇ femoral arteries subjected to gunshot wounds combining with seawater immersion

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Effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits

Objective To observe effects of penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion on the levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in rabbits. Methods 10 adult healthy grey rabbits were used for the experiment. The rabbit eye model of comea blast injury was developed by using a single firecracker. For each rabbit, the right eye was the experimental eye (seawater was injected into the anterior chamber through the cornea incision, simulating seawater immersion) and the left eye was the control (treated with 0.9% sodium chloride). Levels of aqueous humor TNF-α were detected by using double-antibody sandwich ELISA on the 1st, 2nd, yrd, 4th, 5th, and 7th days following seawater immersion or 0.9% sodium chloride injection. Results Following development of the model, levels of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye on the 1st, 2nd, 3rd days were 190.338, 156. 107,117.018 ng/L respectively, and significant differences could be seen when comparisous were made between the experimental and control eyes. The level of aqueous humor TNF-α on the 1st day was the highest and obviously reached the peak. Conclusions Level of aqueous humor TNF-α in the experimental eye with penetrating cornea injury combined with seawater immersion was significantly higher than that of the control eye, indicating that TNF-α was clearly involved in the pathological change and it played an important role in the process.     

模拟大批量伤员海水浸泡的实验研究

目的：了解降低海水浸泡大批量伤员的死、残率，探索海水浸泡火器伤的特点。方法：犬80只，随机分成两组，每组40只，分别模拟制作海战时与陆战时火器性多发伤的动物模型。两组局部行彻底清创，合理手术，有效引流，抗休克，纠正水电解质平衡失调，全身支持疗法，应用抗生素，高频喷射通气和尼莫通等，对两组结果进行比较。结果：海战组生存率70％，病死率30％；陆战组生存率80％，病死率20％。结论：针对海水浸泡伤的特点，彻底清创、合理手术、有效引流、多途径联合应用抗生素、高频喷射通气和尼莫通等综合治疗是降低死残率的有效措施和方法。