浊点萃取在锕系和镧系元素分离分析中的应用

浊点萃取（cloud point extraction, CPE）是一种安全环保同时兼具高富集系数和低成本的萃取方法，在分析化学中已经被广泛应用于金属离子分析等领域。锕系和镧系金属元素存在环境复杂，自身浓度相对较低，对其进行分离和分析一直是放射化学研究者所关注的问题。经过条件优化，CPE能够有选择性地分离和富集锕系和镧系金属元素。通过与多种技术联用，CPE能实现锕系和镧系元素的高灵敏度分析。本文在介绍浊点萃取机理的基础上，着重描述了不同萃取体系中各类萃取剂（β-二酮类、膦氧类、含氮类、含硫类）对于锕系和镧系元素的萃取效果，全面总结了其中使用的不同联用技术，同时简述了通过构筑超分子识别位点，修饰配体，使用不同表面活性剂及掩蔽剂等改良现有浊点萃取体系的尝试。最后，对浊点萃取在放射化学领域的应用进行了总结和展望。     

离子液体-有机溶剂复合技术处理含油污泥的研究

采用离子液体辅助溶剂萃取法处理胜利油田的含油污泥，回收原油，考察了不同溶剂、剂油比、温度、反应时间、离心机转速等条件对油和沥青质脱附效率的影响。结果表明：最佳的实验条件为在正庚烷+离子液体[Emim][BF4]溶剂体系中，剂油比50/3，温度50 ℃，反应时间20 min，离心机转速2 000 r/min；在此条件下，含油污泥中油的回收率高达90.5%，沥青质的回收率为83.1%；正庚烷和离子液体可以回收重复使用，正庚烷的一次和二次回收率分别为89.2%和74.2%；离子液体几乎没有损失，一次和二次回收率分别高达98.6%和95.4%；使用二次回收的正庚烷和离子液体为溶剂时油和沥青质的回收率分别达到85.1%和78.4%。在此基础上，探讨了含油污泥脱附过程的作用机理。离子液体-有机溶剂复合技术显著提高了油泥萃取的油回收率，对油泥的无害化和资源化工业生产具有重要的参考价值。     

基于NB分类器重访概率预测的Web缓存替换策略

Web缓存是用来解决网络访问延迟和网络拥塞问题，缓存替换策略直接影响缓存的命中率。为此，提出一种朴素贝叶斯（NB）分类器重访概率预测的Web缓存替换策略；根据用户之前访问日志，通过分区操作提取多项特征来表示每次访问的对象，并构建特征数据集；训练NB分类器，用来确定缓存中对象被再次访问的概率，为对象分配权重；结合LRU策略来合理删除一些对象。仿真结果表明，提出的策略在保证较高命中率的同时有效降低了执行时间。     

Hydrodistillation condition adjustment for different material particle sizes: a method to increase batch‐to‐batch quality consistency

Varying material particle sizes represent a common contributing factor to the batch‐to‐batch variation of extraction yields. To increase the batch‐to‐batch quality consistency of extracts, a method was proposed to adjust the extraction conditions for different material particle sizes, taking the hydrodistillation extraction process of Radix Curcumae and Fructus Gardeniae as a case study. Statistical models were built for five sesquiterpenes including curcumenone, curcumenol, curdione, curzerenone and furanodienone, to quantitatively describe the effects of particle size and process parameters on their extraction yields. An increase in sodium chloride concentration remarkably increased the yields of curcumenone and curcumenol, and a larger solvent‐to‐solid ratio increased the yields of five sesquiterpenes. Under the adjusted process parameters for two different particle sizes, the yield for each compound was controlled to fall in the 90–110% target range. The proposed method can be applied to various extraction processes of foods and herbal medicines.     

Enzymatic extraction of fucoxanthin from brown seaweeds

Brown seaweeds contain a number of bioactive compounds. The xanthophyll, fucoxanthin, has in vivo efficacy against disorders such as type 2 diabetes, obesity and cancer. Organic solvents are traditionally employed to extract fucoxanthin, but carry a toxic chemical and environmental burden. The aim of this study was to optimise a fucoxanthin extraction method using enzymes, water, low‐temperature dehydration and mechanical blending, to produce yields comparable to those achieved with an organic solvent (acetone). Response surface methodology was applied, using Fucus vesiculosus as a model species. A fucoxanthin yield of 0.657 mg g^?1 (dry mass) was obtained from F. vesiculosus blade using the enzymatic method, equivalent to 94% of the acetone‐extracted yield. Optimum extraction parameters were determined to be enzyme‐to‐water ratio 0.52%, seaweed‐to‐water ratio 5.37% and enzyme incubation time 3.05 h. These findings may be applied to the development of value‐added nutraceutical products from seaweed.     

Ultrasound-assisted extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed using various solvents

The present research analyzes the extraction of oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed using ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique under different operating conditions such as temperature, solvent type, and time. Three factors with three levels Box-Behnken response surface design was employed to optimize and investigate the effect of process variables on the response (oil yield). The independent variables showed significant effect on the extraction process. Interactive effects of the extraction process variables were analyzed by Pareto analysis of variance (ANOVA), and second-order polynomial model was used to plot the 3D response surface plot. Optimum extraction conditions for the maximizing the extraction yield of oil (59%) was found to be: temperature of 35°C, solvent type of 2, and time of 20 min. FT-IR was used to analysis the oil. From the results, it can be concluded that the UAE is the effective technique to extract the oil from Moringa oleifera Lam. seed.     

Static pentane extraction as a potential alternative to Soxhlet extraction for polypropylene olive oil overall migration limit measurements

Static pentane extraction of olive oil from polypropylene was evaluated as a safer, higher throughput alternative to pentane Soxhlet extraction for the recovery of olive oil from polypropylene for overall migration limit determinations. Static, ambient temperature, pentane extraction achieved quantitative recovery of olive oil from polypropylene plaques prepared by using the OM‐5 overall migration limit protocol. In addition to validation data for static extractions, a modified esterification procedure is presented as a means to accommodate the larger sample sets that are enabled with static extraction.     

Ionic liquid-assisted micellar extraction for the quantitative determination of sesquiterpenic acids in Valeriana officinalis L. (Caprifoliaceae)

ABSTRACT

A series of hydrophilic ionic liquids (ILs) were investigated as extractants for the quantitative determination of valerenic and acetoxyvalerenic acids in Valerianae radix. The influence of different factors, e.g. type of cation and anion, alkyl chain length, concentration, temperature, extraction time and solid–liquid ratio, was investigated. The results obtained showed that the extraction yield is strongly dependent on the cation type. The best outcome was obtained with IL capable of forming micelles in aqueous solution, e.g. 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. As a result, an alternative protocol for the quantification of sesquiterpenic acids in valerian was developed and validated.     

Determination of four priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (4PAHs) by GC-MS in traditional Turkish yoghurts

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ingested with foods and cause toxicities for humans. Yoghurt is one of the main foods that mediate PAH ingestion. Yan?k yoghurt, a traditional strained yoghurt, can contain PAHs due to its production process. Therefore, the concentration and types of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Yan?k yoghurt samples were collected from different shops in Denizli, Turkey. For the method validation, the Eurachem guide (second edition) was adopted. Accordingly, linearity, working range, limits of detection (LOD), quantification (LOQ), precision and trueness values were set. Due to the selected validation parameters, the limit for detection was between 0.03 ng g^?1and 0.05 ng g^?1while the limit for quantification was between 0.10 ng g^?1 and 0.16 ng g^?1. Recovery rates higher than 83.80 % were obtained for four PAHs at two spiked concentrations (2.0 and 5.0 ng g^?1). Five Yan?k yoghurt samples and one commercial concentrated yoghurt sample were successfully analysed using the validated method.