Mechanical integrity of flexible InZnO/Ag/InZnO multilayer electrodes grown by continuous roll-to-roll sputtering

The mechanical integrity of a flexible ZnO-doped In₂O₃ (IZO)/Ag/IZO multilayer electrode deposited onto a flexible PET substrate using a continuous roll-to-roll (R2R) sputtering system was investigated by means of outer/inner bending, twisting and stretching tests. The R2R-sputtered flexible IZO (40 nm)/Ag (12 nm)/IZO (40 nm) electrode with a sheet resistance of 5.37 Ω/sq and an optical transmittance of 87.3% exhibited superior flexibility due to existence of a ductile Ag layer with high strain failure. It was noteworthy that the failure bending radius (5.5 mm) of the inner bending test was lower than that (6.5 mm) of the outer bending test due to complete separation of the cracks on the top IZO layer during the outer bending test. In addition, the twisting test showed that the resistance of the flexible IZO/Ag/IZO electrode began to increase at an angle of 26°. Furthermore the stretching test demonstrated that the strain failure of the IZO/Ag/IZO multilayer was 2.4%, which is higher than those of conventional flexible ITO electrodes. The mechanical integrity of the R2R-sputtered IZO/Ag/IZO multilayer indicated that hybridization of an oxide and Ag metal is a promising flexible electrode scheme for next generation flexible organic solar cells.     

Mechanical flexibility of transparent PEDOT:PSS electrodes prepared by gravure printing for flexible organic solar cells

The mechanical flexibility of transparent poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) films printed onto a flexible PET substrate using a gravure printing method was investigated using a lab-made bending test system. Gravure-printed PEDOT:PSS electrodes with a sheet resistance of 359 Ω/square and a transparency of 88.92% showed outstanding flexibility in several types of flexibility tests, including outer/inner bending, twisting and stretching. Notably, the PEDOT:PSS electrode had a constant resistance change (ΔR/R₀) within an outer and inner bending radius of 10 mm. In addition the stretched PEDOT:PSS electrode showed a fairly constant resistance change (ΔR/R₀) up to 4%, which is more stable than the resistance change of conventional amorphous ITO electrode. The twisting test revealed that the resistance of the PEDOT:PSS electrode began to increase at an angle of 36° due to delamination of the film from the PET substrate. Despite the high sheet resistance of the PEDOT:PSS electrode the flexible organic solar cells fabricated on the PEDOT:PSS electrode showed a power conversion efficiency of ∼2% (FF: 44.9%, V_o: 0.495 V and J_sc: 9.1 mA/cm²), indicating the possibility of using gravure printed PEDOT:PSS as a flexible and transparent electrode for printing-based flexible organic solar cells.     

FRP加固混凝土梁的有限元分析

碳纤维复合材料(CFRP)加固混凝土结构是一种新型结构加固方法。在大比例模型试验的基础上,应用有限元程序对 T 型梁进行了加固分析,以研究 CFRP 布加固对混凝土梁抗弯能力及刚度的提高程度。分析结果表明,CFRP 布加固可应用于大型钢筋混凝土桥梁。     

冗余度柔性机器人协调操作刚性和柔性负载的仿真分析

采用有限元方法建立了冗余度柔性机器人协调操作柔性负载的模型。首次对两4R冗余度柔性机器人协调操作刚性和柔性负载进行了不同目标任务的对比数值仿真分析,指出任务空间和初始角度均是影响系统性能的因素,在设计任务时应选择较好的机器人可操作空间给定任务,使机器人采用较好的初始位形进行运动以提高系统性能。在对系统精度要求较高并且负载与机器人杆件具有接近的尺寸、材料更轻、刚度相近或更小时,需要考虑负载的柔性,以获知精确的负载位姿信息,利用运动补偿等方法消除不利因素,提高系统精度。     

上海天然气市场和液化天然气的现状与展望

2009年,上海能源供应体系自从引入液化天然气以来,进口液化天然气对全市天然气供应总量和来源多元化做出了重要贡献。2013年,液化天然气消费在全市天然气消费总量中占比达50%,在天然气供应体系中发挥了越来越重要的作用。近年来,上海天然气市场发生了深刻变化,天然气需求增长放缓,与2013年之前十多年的两位数增长形成了鲜明对比。为了更好地理解市场的基本面,首先回顾了上海天然气消费的历史趋势,随后分析了影响需求增长的驱动因素和约束条件,以判断未来天然气需求的趋势和液化天然气在市场中扮演的角色,认为天然气需求增长的潜力主要在民用及商业领域。结合分析可能的供应选择,其结论是未来液化天然气将继续作为上海天然气供应体系的主力气源,同时提供市场急需的灵活性以保障高峰时段的用气需求。     

Challenges and Opportunities to Enhance Flexibility in Design and Operation of Chemical Processes

Flexibility receives increased interest in chemical engineering and is discussed as one measure to deal with upcoming challenges for the chemical industry. In this paper, different types of flexibility are presented, and flexibility needs are illustrated. The focus is on the evaluation and classification of available solutions to enhance flexibility. Solutions and future challenges across all length scales of chemical engineering are discussed: from tailored catalyst properties to decoupling of processes by means of storage.     

6R工业机器人刚度分析

针对6R工业机器人,在机器人连杆刚性的假设下,推导了机器人柔度矩阵。分析柔度矩阵将其划分为四个子矩阵:力—位移柔度矩阵、力—角位移柔度矩阵、力矩—位移柔度矩阵、力矩—角位移柔度矩阵。在非奇异位姿下,单独考虑力矢量(或力矩矢量)对末端线位移(或角位移)的影响,研究使末端产生单位变形时需要在末端施加的作用力,提出机器人力—位移、力—角位移、力矩—位移、力矩—角位移‘刚度椭球’,来表述机器人末端的刚度特性,为机器人刚度研究提供了一种新思路。最后以库卡Kr360机器人为例进行计算。计算表明对于Kr360机器人,在末端作用力矢量、力矩矢量在同一数量级时,可忽略力矩矢量对末端的作用效果。     

利物浦大学的“双线”体系与我们的弹性模式

立足于普通建筑院校的实情,借鉴利物浦大学的“双线”体系,提出针对一般建筑院校设计课教学的弹性模式。     

从近年国际建协公共医疗组研讨会议题解读医院建筑新动向

本文通过解读近年来医疗建筑界一些重要国际会议的议题和内容,分析当前医院建筑设计创新和研究现状,进而总结出该学术领域内的国际新动向。     

Comparing Robust Decision-Making and Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways for model-based decision support under deep uncertainty

A variety of model-based approaches for supporting decision-making under deep uncertainty have been suggested, but they are rarely compared and contrasted. In this paper, we compare Robust Decision-Making with Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways. We apply both to a hypothetical case inspired by a river reach in the Rhine Delta of the Netherlands, and compare them with respect to the required tooling, the resulting decision relevant insights, and the resulting plans. The results indicate that the two approaches are complementary. Robust Decision-Making offers insights into conditions under which problems occur, and makes trade-offs transparent. The Dynamic Adaptive Policy Pathways approach emphasizes dynamic adaptation over time, and thus offers a natural way for handling the vulnerabilities identified through Robust Decision-Making. The application also makes clear that the analytical process of Robust Decision-Making is path-dependent and open ended: an analyst has to make many choices, for which Robust Decision-Making offers no direct guidance.