基于老年健康综合评估探讨糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性研究

背景　目前糖尿病患者认知功能障碍被临床糖尿病治疗策略忽略，且尚未发现有效的治疗方法可以逆转痴呆的病程，因此，积极寻找痴呆的危险因素，从防治的角度预防痴呆的发生是改变目前在痴呆诊治中被动局面的一种有效方法。目的　探讨住院老年患者糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性。方法　选取2017年9月-2019年2月在成都市第一人民医院老年病科完成老年健康综合评估的住院老年患者为研究对象，采用简易精神状况量表（MMSE）、临床痴呆评定量表（CDR）、日常生活能力量表（ADL）进行评估。依据2型糖尿病诊断标准将患者分为正常组和糖尿病组。采用二分类Logistic回归分析探讨住院老年患者糖尿病与认知功能障碍的相关性。结果　共发放问卷610份，回收有效问卷606份，有效回收率99.3%。纳入研究的606例患者中，正常组428例，平均年龄（71.4±7.6）岁；男性180例（42.1%），女性248例（57.9%）。糖尿病组178例，平均年龄（72.3±6.4）岁；男性82例（46.7%），女性96例（53.9%）。两组患者MMSE、CDR、ADL评分及认知情况比较，差异有统计学意义（P<0.05）。二分类Logistic回归分析结果显示：糖尿病与住院老年患者认知功能障碍存在相关性（P<0.05）。结论　在住院老年患者中，糖尿病和认知功能障碍关系密切，临床上应关注两者共同的危险因素及影响因素，应注意筛查老年糖尿病患者的认知功能状况，及时发现认知功能障碍并进行有效的干预。     

个体化健康教育对糖尿病抑郁症运动依从性影响

目的研究糖尿病并发抑郁症患者运动依从性的影响因素,探讨有效的干预措施。方法选择2018年11月-2019年8月天津市公安医院收治的糖尿病患者158例为研究对象,根据抑郁自评量表(CES-D)调查情况分为糖尿病抑郁(DDM)组和糖尿病非抑郁(NDDM)组各79例,采用问卷的形式分析个体化健康教育指导前后患者运动依从性影响因素。结果 NDDM组患者运动依从性量表评分为(78.4±3.3)分,高于DDM组的(52.7±4.1)分;重度抑郁患者较轻度抑郁患者运动治疗依从性明显降低;两组患者个体化健康教育后运动依从性量表评分较教育前均提高,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.01)。不同运动依从性的糖尿病患者性别、婚姻状况、文化程度、家庭支持、医患关系、并发症数量、住院次数、BMI、HbA1c比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论抑郁症对糖尿病患者的运动依从性有明显影响,且抑郁程度越重运动依从性越差。个体化健康教育能有效改善糖尿病并发抑郁症患者的运动依从性,值得临床进一步研究。     

A qualitative assessment of diabetes care access and disease management in Central America

BackgroundDiabetes is a growing concern in low-and middle-income countries. Medical missions play a role in increasing access to care and medicines, but often ignore non-communicable disease prevention and advanced management. Increased knowledge of local community needs and resources can lead to the development and implementation of pharmacist-supported interventions to improve diabetes management in rural areas.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to 1) understand the availability of monitoring for diabetes locally; and 2) describe knowledge and health beliefs regarding diabetes management for those with diabetes, and prevention among those at high risk of developing diabetes.MethodsThis qualitative evaluation used semi-structured interviews with key informants in a community in rural Honduras. Participants included those with diabetes, those at-risk for developing diabetes, and community leaders. Data was analyzed using thematic content analysis through an iterative process of coding and theme development.ResultsA total of 35 interviews were conducted with five resulting themes: 1) participants identified multiple barriers to diabetes management including access to monitoring, access to certain medications, and access to advanced levels of care; 2) participants acknowledge the relationship between lifestyle choices and diabetes control, but struggled with adherence to a healthy lifestyle; 3) participants identify that they have limited knowledge of diabetes pathophysiology, diabetes management, and strategies to prevent diabetes; 4) participants felt that opportunities existed within the community to support diabetes education and prevention, and 5) providers should integrate culture, societal norms, and religion in diabetes management.ConclusionThis research identifies challenges and resulting opportunities for managing diabetes in rural Honduras. Health care providers including pharmacy personnel should consider strategies to engage communities around self-care and diabetes education. Further, strategies are needed to enhance access to resources and essential medicines for diabetes management. These themes can guide clinicians in supporting communities to enhance diabetes care.     

Prevalence of pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes mellitus in 2012–2016 in Greece: Real-World Data

Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a serious health disorder with a global prevalence of 6059 cases per 100,000 in 2017. By analyzing real-world data, our study found an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in Greece, with the peak being 7,40 individuals per 100,000 in 2016.     

Pharmacists' experiences and views on providing screening services: An international comparison

BackgroundThe PHARMASCREEN study, adapted from the Australian Cardiovascular Absolute Risk Screening study (CARS), tested the first community pharmacist-delivered screening model for diabetes and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the UAE. Both PHARMASCREEN and CARS screening models successfully identified at-risk individuals despite differences in healthcare systems, infrastructure, and scope of practice. Comparing pharmacists’ experiences of screening delivery in different health systems will help to understand key contextual factors that affect future implementation.ObjectiveTo explore and compare the views and experiences of pharmacists participating in the UAE PHARMACSCREEN trial, with those of community pharmacists who participated in the Australian CARS trial.MethodsIn-depth, face-to-face interviews were conducted with pharmacists who delivered the screening programs in Australia (n = 10) and UAE (n = 12) to explore their views and experiences. The interview guide was similar in both studies to ensure consistency and comparability of collected data. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and thematically analyzed.ResultsTwo common themes emerged: pharmacists’ experiences with the screening program, and barriers and facilitators to service delivery. Both groups held very positive views about the screening intervention, particularly referencing the professional satisfaction it generated and broad participant satisfaction with pharmacy-based screening. Despite country and health system differences, pharmacists reported many similar barriers (e.g., staffing levels, pharmacy coordination) and enablers (e.g., implementation support, adequate staffing, point–of-care tests, no cost to patient) to implementation. The context for screening delivery emerged as a key theme for UAE interviews only, where issues such as local population needs, regulatory factors, pharmacist roles and expectations, and training needs were quite prominent.ConclusionsPharmacists’ positive experiences with the screening programs is a testimony to the strong emerging evidence supporting pharmacists-delivered screening. Despite differences in health care systems, similar enablers and barriers were identified. The adaptation and successful implementation of international screening models requires a country-specific adaptation process.     

甲钴胺治疗糖尿病神经病变的效果观察

目的:探讨甲钴胺治疗糖尿病神经病变的效果.方法:选取102例糖尿病神经病变患者,随机纳入参照组(51例)和观察组(51例).参照组采用常规救治,观察组在参照组的基础上采用甲钴胺救治,对比患者总有效率、神经传导速度.结果:观察组总有效率高于参照组(P<0.05).观察组神经传导速度高于参照组(P<0.05).结论:于糖尿病神经病变患者中,甲钴胺药物治疗方式既可提高总有效率,还可增强神经传导速度,应引起重视.     

Short-term effects of lifestyle intervention in the reversion to normoglycemia in people with prediabetes

AimsTo evaluate the short-term effect of lifestyle intervention in people with prediabetes.MethodsA stratified multistage sampling method was used in the recruitment of residents of the Jiangsu Province, China in 2017, who had no previous diagnosis of diabetes. Physical examination and laboratory tests were performed, and questionnaires were completed. Those with a prediabetes diagnosis at baseline were included in the cohort and participants were randomized to the intervention group or the control group. The intervention group received a lifestyle intervention strategy, which included exercise, diet and peer educations. The control group received general health education. Participants were followed up in 2018.ResultsA total of 2005 individuals were included in the analysis. At follow-up, there were 516 (36.7%) individuals in the intervention group and 207 (34.5%) individuals in the control group with normal blood glucose levels. The decline in waist circumference and fasting plasma glucose levels was significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group. This was still observed after adjusting for variables (odds ratio 1.32, P = 0.02). Females or younger individuals who had lower body mass index and plasma glucose levels at baseline were more likely to reverse to normoglycemia at follow-up.ConclusionsCompared with a strategy of general health education, a lifestyle intervention strategy could reverse glucose levels to normoglycemia in individuals with prediabetes.     

基于中医体质辨识的糖尿病风险评估模型建立与验证

背景　中医体质因素在糖尿病的发生发展过程中具有重要作用，但目前糖尿病的预测预警模型仅涵盖一般人口学资料、客观检查指标、生活方式等内容。在糖尿病风险评估模型中纳入中医体质辨识内容，对有针对性地防治糖尿病的发生发展具有重要意义。目的　根据健康体检数据建立基于中医体质辨识的糖尿病风险模型并对其进行验证。方法　于2016年1月-2018年12月，以2014-2015年某省级综合性医院健康管理中心体检数据为训练集数据（n=30 951），对是否患糖尿病进行单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析，纳入有意义的影响因素指标建立糖尿病风险评估模型；以2016-2017年的健康体检数据作为测试集数据（n=24 061），采用受试者工作特征曲线（ROC）对模型进行验证。结果　训练集人群中，患有糖尿病者1 315例（4.25%），未患糖尿病者29 636例（95.75%）。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示，logit（P）（糖尿病患病情况）=-4.632-0.198×（女）+0.864×（年龄45~59岁）+1.684×（年龄≥60岁）+0.635×（高血压）+0.149×（超重）+0.376×（肥胖）-0.531×（偏轻）-0.234×（淋巴细胞百分数偏高）+0.279×（淋巴细胞百分数偏低）+0.304×（红细胞计数异常）-0.430×（红细胞比容偏低）+0.722×（平均红细胞血红蛋白浓度异常）+0.532×（血小板分布宽度异常）+1.016×（癌胚抗原异常）-0.406×（尿酸异常）+1.341×（肌酐偏低）+0.488×（血尿素氮偏高）+0.473×（三酰甘油异常）+0.257×（总胆固醇偏高）+0.544×（高密度脂蛋白偏低）+0.290×（总蛋白异常）+0.395×（丙氨酸氨基转移酶异常）+0.362×（谷氨酰转肽酶异常）+0.993×（阴虚质）+1.016×（气虚质）+0.601×（痰湿质）。模型验证结果显示，训练集ROC曲线下面积（AUC）为0.792，95%CI为0.779~0.816（P<0.05），最佳截断值为0.405，灵敏度为0.771，特异度为0.690；测试集验证准确率达到95.69%，Kappa=0.636（P<0.001）。结论　初步构建了糖尿病风险评估模型，且此模型具有较高诊断效应。中医体质辨识作为重要的影响因素纳入糖尿病发病风险评估的模型中来，可以提高其预测能力，为糖尿病的中医药早期防治提供一定的依据。     

糖尿病护理门诊在糖尿病健康教育中的作用探究

目的:研究糖尿病护理门诊在糖尿病健康教育中作用.方法:取78例糖尿病患者,其中39例患者进行常规护理为对照组,39例患者进行糖尿病门诊护理为观察组,对比2组患者护理后自我管理能力和血糖指标.结果:观察组自我管理能力均高于对照组(P<0.05).观察组血糖指标均低于对照组(P<0.05).结论:向糖尿病患者进行健康教育时,糖尿病门诊护理的应用,可以科学创建护理档案,明确随访策略,提升糖尿病的管理水平,使患者具有较强自我管理能力,同时降低其血糖指标.