From the Cover: In situ carbonation of peridotite for CO2 storage

The rate of natural carbonation of tectonically exposed mantle peridotite during weathering and low-temperature alteration can be enhanced to develop a significant sink for atmospheric CO₂. Natural carbonation of peridotite in the Samail ophiolite, an uplifted slice of oceanic crust and upper mantle in the Sultanate of Oman, is surprisingly rapid. Carbonate veins in mantle peridotite in Oman have an average ¹⁴C age of ≈26,000 years, and are not 30–95 million years old as previously believed. These data and reconnaissance mapping show that ≈10⁴ to 10⁵ tons per year of atmospheric CO₂ are converted to solid carbonate minerals via peridotite weathering in Oman. Peridotite carbonation can be accelerated via drilling, hydraulic fracture, input of purified CO₂ at elevated pressure, and, in particular, increased temperature at depth. After an initial heating step, CO₂ pumped at 25 or 30 °C can be heated by exothermic carbonation reactions that sustain high temperature and rapid reaction rates at depth with little expenditure of energy. In situ carbonation of peridotite could consume >1 billion tons of CO₂ per year in Oman alone, affording a low-cost, safe, and permanent method to capture and store atmospheric CO₂.     

不同配比施肥对华北花岗片麻岩山地土壤促成的作用

华北花岗片麻岩山区土壤严重退化,恶劣的土壤环境是该地区植被恢复的限制性因子.利用不同配比的化肥对试验区内土壤进行促成技术研究,结果表明:各种配比的肥料间,对土壤有机质和营养元素的影响(以全P释放量为例),以NPK1和NPK2处理效果最好,其分别提高风化速率29.68%和31.21%;对土壤粒径的影响(以<1 mm粒径土壤重量百分比为例),同样以NPK1和NPK2处理效果最好,其分别提高风化速率30.50%和24.81%.综上分析可以说明,各种配比的化肥对土壤促成起到了一定的作用,试验区内土壤正朝成熟土壤方向演化.     

宁波湾头大桥氟碳面漆使用调查

考察宁波湾头桥氟碳面漆使用1年后的表面状态与耐候性能,并对大桥所使用的常温固化氟碳面漆的设计依据与配方性能进行介绍.     

某低品位风化石墨选别实践

研究了福建某低品位风化石墨矿的可选性,经浮选条件试验和浮选流程比较,采用粗磨、粗选、扫选及三段再磨十一次精选的闭路流程,可获得石墨精矿固定碳含量为88.21％,精矿回收率89.58％.     

地铁工程球状风化专题勘察方案研究

球状风化(俗称"孤石")对地铁盾构工程施工极为不利.本文结合工程实例,论述了地铁工程开展球状风化专题勘察的必要性,并以深圳某地铁工程为例,通过分析球状风化对地铁工程不同工法的影响以及处理孤石的方法,合理地推荐了球状风化专题勘察的实施范围;通过对不同类型勘察方案进行多因素综合比较,推荐了专题勘察布置方案,并就专题勘察的实...     

钛白粉耐候性的快速表征

用175℃恒温下的浓硫酸溶解经过无机包覆的钛白粉,以过氧化氢比色法进行定量分析,建立了快速表征钛白粉耐候性的方法。标准样品选择光谱纯二氧化钛,对测量条件、曲线配制、影响因素进行了试验和探讨。该方法精密度较高,相对标准偏差（n=8）均在1%以下。     

Mn-Cu耐候钢在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀行为

利用干湿交替加速腐蚀实验和电化学实验研究了实验钢在模拟工业大气环境下的腐蚀演化行为.结果表明,在腐蚀初期腐蚀速度随循环周期的增加而增大,在后期随循环周期的增加而降低,耐候钢的腐蚀速度与SPA-H钢相当但低于16Mn钢.在腐蚀初期,细晶粒耐候钢比粗晶粒腐蚀速度快,在后期腐蚀速度基本一致.耐候钢锈层分为内外两层,内锈层致密主要由α-FeOOH和少量γ-Fe2O3组成,晶粒尺寸对腐蚀产物的组成影响不大.16Mn钢锈层主要由α-FeOOH,γ-Fe2O3和Fe3O4组成.在腐蚀后期,Cu的作用使耐候钢的耐腐蚀性能优于16Mn钢.电化学实验表明,腐蚀产物促进阴极过程,抑制阳极过程.细晶粒有利于保护性内锈...     

一种桥梁用耐候钢的静态再结晶模型

在MMS-300热/力模拟实验机上采用双道次压缩法,研究了桥梁用耐候钢在奥氏体区变形后道次间隔时间内的静态软化行为.分析了变形温度与间隔时间对静态软化行为的影响,采用应力补偿法计算了静态再结晶百分数.实验结果表明,在第一道次变形之后的5~10 s就发生了静态再结晶,变形温度、道次间隔时间对耐候钢的静态再结晶行为影响显著,变形温度越高,静态再结晶进行得越迅速.确定了耐候钢的静态再结晶激活能为190.57 kJ/mol,同时建立了静态再结晶动力学数学模型.     

No support for the emergence of lichens prior to the evolution of vascular plants

The early‐successional status of lichens in modern terrestrial ecosystems, together with the role lichen‐mediated weathering plays in the carbon cycle, have contributed to the long and widely held assumption that lichens occupied early terrestrial ecosystems prior to the evolution of vascular plants and drove global change during this time. Their poor preservation potential and the classification of ambiguous fossils as lichens or other fungal–algal associations have further reinforced this view. As unambiguous fossil data are lacking to demonstrate the presence of lichens prior to vascular plants, we utilize an alternate approach to assess their historic presence in early terrestrial ecosystems. Here, we analyze new time‐calibrated phylogenies of ascomycete fungi and chlorophytan algae, that intensively sample lineages with lichen symbionts. Age estimates for several interacting clades show broad congruence and demonstrate that fungal origins of lichenization postdate the earliest tracheophytes. Coupled with the absence of unambiguous fossil data, our work finds no support for lichens having mediated global change during the Neoproterozoic‐early Paleozoic prior to vascular plants. We conclude by discussing our findings in the context of Neoproterozoic‐Paleozoic terrestrial ecosystem evolution and the paleoecological context in which vascular plants evolved.     

Magnesium isotope fractionation during microbially enhanced forsterite dissolution

Bacillus subtilis endospore‐mediated forsterite dissolution experiments were performed to assess the effects of cell surface reactivity on Mg isotope fractionation during chemical weathering. Endospores present a unique opportunity to study the isolated impact of cell surface reactivity because they exhibit extremely low metabolic activity. In abiotic control assays, ²⁴Mg was preferentially released into solution during forsterite dissolution, producing an isotopically light liquid phase (δ²⁶Mg = ?0.39 ± 0.06 to ?0.26 ± 0.09‰) relative to the initial mineral composition (δ²⁶Mg = ?0.24 ± 0.03‰). The presence of endospores did not have an apparent effect on Mg isotope fractionation associated with the release of Mg from the solid into the aqueous phase. However, the endospore surfaces preferentially adsorbed ²⁴Mg from the dissolution products, which resulted in relatively heavy aqueous Mg isotope compositions. These aqueous Mg isotope compositions increased proportional to the fraction of dissolved Mg that was adsorbed, with the highest measured δ²⁶Mg (?0.08 ± 0.07‰) corresponding to the highest degree of adsorption (~76%). The Mg isotope composition of the adsorbed fraction was correspondingly light, at an average δ²⁶Mg of ?0.49‰. Secondary mineral precipitation and Mg adsorption onto secondary minerals had a minimal effect on Mg isotopes at these experimental conditions. Results demonstrate the isolated effects of cell surface reactivity on Mg isotope fractionation separate from other common biological processes, such as metabolism and organic acid production. With further study, Mg isotopes could be used to elucidate the role of the biosphere on Mg cycling in the environment.