水温耦合作用下风化砂岩崩解和质量流失研究

随着公路建设向山岭重丘区的转移,如何就地取材,利用风化岩进行路基填筑,以弥补山区路基填料的不足,已成为亟待解决的问题。为确保风化砂岩填筑路基长期使用性能,提出水温耦合作用下风化砂岩崩解和质量流失的试验测定方法,并将材料的干湿循环崩解率和质量流失率与风化程度进行了相关性分析。     

Spheroidal weathering of granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints by oxidation,iron precipitation,and rindlet exfoliation

Spheroidal weathering, one of the important rock weathering styles, has been attributed to chemical weathering by the water from joint surfaces, and mechanical aspects of the weathering have not been well addressed. We made an investigation on spheroidal weathering of Miocene granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints and found that this spheroidal weathering proceeds through chemical processes and accompanying mechanical processes. The investigation of the textures, physical properties, mineralogy, and chemistry of the porphyry revealed the presence of a brown band on the surface margins of corestones, representing the oxidation of pyrite and chlorite, and the precipitation of iron hydroxides, and the consequent generation of micro‐cracks within the band. During weathering, oxidation progresses inwards from joints that surround the rindlets, including both high‐angle columnar and low‐angle planar joints, and causes rounding of the unweathered interior portion of the rock. Microscopic observations of the brown band embedded with fluorescent resin show that pores are first filled with iron hydroxides, and that micro‐cracks then form parallel to the oxidation front in the outer portion of the brown band. Iron hydroxide precipitation increases the P‐wave velocity in the brown band, while micro‐crack formation decreases the tensile strength of the rock. Where the brown band has thickened to ~6 cm, the micro‐cracks are connected to one another to create continuous cracks, which separate the rindlets from the corestone. Micro‐crack formation parallel to the corestone surface may be attributed to compressive stresses generated by small amounts of volumetric expansion due to the precipitation of iron hydroxides in the brown band. Earth surface is under oxidizing environments so that precipitation of iron hydroxides commonly occurs; the spheroidal weathering in this paper is a typical example of the combination of chemical and mechanical processes under such environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

湿热地区使用50年以上砌体建筑外墙砖耐久性研究

在湿热地区,对使用50年以上的砌体建筑外墙砖耐久性退化情况进行调查,发现外墙砖的耐久性能退化现象主要为砖表面风化严重及强度下降明显,其退化程度和时间无明显相关性,而是和使用形式及维护情况有关。     

Impact of natural weathering on medium-term self-healing performance of fiber reinforced cementitious composites with intrinsic crack-width control capability

The paper investigates the medium-term self-healing performance of fiber reinforced cementitious composites with intrinsic crack-width control capability under natural weathering. The pre-cracked specimens with different damage levels are exposed to various humidity conditions, namely, water submersion, natural weathering, and a laboratory environment with constant humidity. The medium-term self-healing performance is evaluated using a resonant frequency test, tensile test, SEM, and EDX. It is concluded that the medium-term cracked specimens can moderately recover their mechanical properties within 90 days after being submerged in water or exposed to natural weathering. In particular, they are able to resume the multiple cracking behavior and exhibit a reloading strength larger than the preloading strength. Furthermore, the identified compositions of the medium-term healing products for specimens exposed to water and natural weathering conditions are similarly characterized. The reported results imply that effective medium-term self-healing can be realized in fiber reinforced cementitious composites with intrinsic crack-width control capability under natural weathering.     

Controls on deep critical zone architecture: a historical review and four testable hypotheses

The base of Earth's critical zone (CZ) is commonly shielded from study by many meters of overlying rock and regolith. Though deep CZ processes may seem far removed from the surface, they are vital in shaping it, preparing rock for infusion into the biosphere and breaking Earth materials down for transport across landscapes. This special issue highlights outstanding challenges and recent advances of deep CZ research in a series of articles that we introduce here in the context of relevant literature dating back to the 1500s. Building on several contributions to the special issue, we highlight four exciting new hypotheses about factors that drive deep CZ weathering and thus influence the evolution of life‐sustaining CZ architecture. These hypotheses have emerged from recently developed process‐based models of subsurface phenomena including: fracturing related to subsurface stress fields; weathering related to drainage of bedrock under hydraulic head gradients; rock damage from frost cracking due to subsurface temperature gradients; and mineral reactions with reactive fluids in subsurface chemical potential gradients. The models predict distinct patterns of subsurface weathering and CZ thickness that can be compared with observations from drilling, sampling and geophysical imaging. We synthesize the four hypotheses into an overarching conceptual model of fracturing and weathering that occurs as Earth materials are exhumed to the surface across subsurface gradients in stress, hydraulic head, temperature, and chemical potential. We conclude with a call for a coordinated measurement campaign designed to comprehensively test the four hypotheses across a range of climatic, tectonic and geologic conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

乐昌峡水利枢纽工程右岸坝肩边坡变形稳定分析

乐昌峡水利枢纽右岸高边坡风化层深厚,岩石强度弱,大坝右岸坝肩开挖后,将形成约215m的开挖边坡,边坡处于降雨强度大的地区,在施工期边坡开挖过程中的变形稳定,直接影响到碾压混凝土大坝的施工工期,十分关键.为了验算边坡开挖中和开挖后的稳定性,首先采用有限元法,对边坡开挖过程进行模拟,给出边坡的变形、屈服区等应力应变情况,利用强度折减法得到边坡的抗滑稳定安全系数,其次,用刚体极限平衡法计算安全系数,并与有限元的计算结果进行对比分析.在缺少渗流基本资料情况下,对深厚风化层的稳定状态,在极限平衡分析中,进行受降雨影响下的敏感性分析.最后对该工程提出加强观测和排水等措施,对边坡的稳定具有指导意义.     

峨眉山玄武岩岸坡深部差异风化岩体特征及成因

西南地区某水电工程的峨眉山玄武岩,其岩体风化具有特殊性,存在岸坡内部（或深部）岩体风化局部加强的特殊现象（称为差异风化）。该差异风化岩体在表观特征、分布特征、化学特征及形成环境上具有与岸坡表部一般风化岩体不同的显著特征。以该处差异风化岩体发育分布规律为基础,结合其化学特征、河谷演化过程及浅生改造理论分析其成因机制。研究表明：差异风化不具随水平深度增大风化逐渐减弱特征,分布受长大张性结构面控制,表现为局部的裂隙式风化加剧,张性结构面两侧 5 ～ 15 cm 范围内岩体红度增加;差异风化岩体发生了化学风化,但并未发生明显的脱硅富铝与盐类淋失迁移,仅表现为二价铁减少、三价铁富集;控制性结构面具浅生改造特征,差异风化岩体赋存于浅生结构所形成的相对封闭空间;浅生改造正是导致差异风化岩体形成的根本原因。     

Mercury forms and their transformation in pyrite under weathering

Pyrite is considered to be the major carrier of mercury in coal. Here, the chemical characteristics of two natural pyrite samples of different weathering degrees were characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Thermal stability of Hg was also analyzed via temperature programmed desorption experiment (TPD). Characteristic ions such as S⁻, Fe⁺, FeS⁻, and FeS₂⁻ were detected on the surface of fresh pyrite. The release temperature of Hg ranged between 180°C and 300°C, and the characteristic peak of black HgS was recorded. In addition, abundant Fe₂O₃⁻, FeSO⁻, SO₄⁻, and HSO₄⁻ were detected on the surface of weathered pyrite, and the release temperature of Hg therein was mainly distributed at 260°C to 380°C and 520°C to 600°C, corresponding to the characteristic peaks of red HgS and HgSO₄, respectively. The results show that pyrite is acidified during weathering and that Hg forms in pyrite are transformed from the original state (HgS) to HgSO₄.     

贵州清水江流域丰水期水化学特征及离子来源分析

对清水江流域丰水期河水离子浓度及组成特征分析表明,流域水化学组成以Ca2+、HCO-3离子为主,其次为Mg2+、SO2-4;TDS均值213.96 mg·L-1,高于世界流域均值.根据海盐校正分析得出,研究区大气降水中海盐输入对流域水化学的贡献率为2.23%,低于世界河流均值3%.Gibbs图结合离子比值分析表明,流域水化学主要受碳酸盐岩风化影响,越往下游硅酸盐岩化学风化贡献越明显,碳酸和硫酸同时参与了流域岩石风化过程.离子来源分析表明,Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3离子主要来自于白云石、方解石等碳酸盐岩风化溶解,Na+、K+、Cl-主要来源于硅酸盐岩风化;SO2-4和NO-3主要来源于大气酸沉降和城镇废水输入.人为活动影响分析表明上游工矿企业活动对清水江流域水化学影响明显.