对城市生活垃圾回收的质疑与思考

随着工业化和城市化的快速发展,城市生活垃圾问题作为影响城市可持续发展的重要制约因素日趋突出。大多数国家和地区都把垃圾回收作为减轻垃圾处理负担及保护自然资源和环境的有效模式而大力推广。但国内外大量的实证研究发现,垃圾回收是一种成本高昂的垃圾治理模式,不具有成本有效性。垃圾治理应从源头上减少垃圾的数量和提高产品的重复使用率,政府应减少强制性的垃圾回收,而将政策转向征收适度的垃圾填埋税(费)。     

Computing optimal adjustment schemes for the general tool-wear problem

An important problem in process adjustment using feedback is how often to sample the process and when and by how much to apply an adjustment. Minimum cost feedback schemes based on simple, but practically interesting, models for disturbances and dynamics have been discussed in several particular cases. The more general situation in which there may be measurement and adjustment errors, deterministic process drift, and costs of taking an observation, of making an adjustment, and of being off target, is considered in this article. Assuming all these costs to be known, a numerical method to minimize the overall expected cost is presented. This numerical method provides the optimal sampling interval, action limits, and amount of adjustment; and the resulting average adjustment interval, mean squared deviation from target, and minimum overall expected cost. When the costs of taking an observation, of making an adjustment, and of being off target are not known, the method can be used to choose a particular scheme by judging the advantages and disadvantages of alternative options considering the mean squared deviation they produce, the frequency with which they require observations to be made, and the resulting overall length of time between adjustments. Computer codes that perform the required computations are provided in the appendices and applied to find optimal adjustment schemes in three real examples of application.     

On designing an acceptance sampling plan for the Pareto lifetime model

In this paper, the design of reliability sampling plans for the Pareto lifetime model under progressive Type-II right censoring is considered. Sampling plans are derived using the decision theoretic approach with a suitable loss or cost function that consists of sampling cost, rejection cost, and acceptance cost. The decision rule is based on the estimated reliability function. Plans are constructed within the Bayesian context using the natural conjugate prior. Simulations for evaluating the Bayes risk are carried out and the optimal sampling plans are reported for various sample sizes, observed number of failures and removal probabilities.     

企业环境管理动因分析

针对企业环境管理问题,采用定性分析和定量分析结合的方法,分析了环境管理的目标和环境管理动因,指出环境管理目标取决于企业的目标,企业环境管理的动因主要是利益驱动和社会责任。环境管理利益驱动目标和社会责任目标在许多方面是一致的,对于不一致地方,可以通过法律调节的同时,要求企业勇于承担社会责任。研究结果对企业环境管理有指导意义。     

Reflections on Changes in the Library and Serials Literature

Abstract

Johnson describes changes in library journal literature topics over the past one hundred years, with a focus on the period between her first Balance Point column in 2003 and this one, her last. She reminisces on her experience as a Balance Point column editor.     

制度变迁过程的历史沉淀成本效应分析

在新古典完全竞争市场理论——历史沉淀成本决策无关性的假设前提背景下,从未来不确定性、信息不完全和财务预算约束等角度考察历史沉淀成本对制度变迁过程的影响,为制度变迁过程确立一个新的分析视角,从而弥补了原有研究的不足。在现实经济生活中,市场不完全是常态,有限理性、交易成本、信息不完全和环境不确定性等因素普遍存在,历史沉淀成本很容易发挥作用,从而表明:未来越不确定,信息越不完全,资源越稀缺,导致财务预算越硬,历史沉淀成本效应越大,制度变迁过程越困难;反之越容易。由此可发现,在放松完全竞争市场的假设前提条件下,当事人的决策不可能不受到历史沉淀成本的影响。因此,只有当事人对历史沉淀成本的约束条件作出正确的理性反应,才能使其决策更加贴近真实世界,这对于全面认识制度变迁过程具有重要的理论创新意义和现实指导价值。     

Catastrophe Risk Models for Evaluating Disaster Risk Reduction Investments in Developing Countries

Major natural disasters in recent years have had high human and economic costs, and triggered record high postdisaster relief from governments and international donors. Given the current economic situation worldwide, selecting the most effective disaster risk reduction (DRR) measures is critical. This is especially the case for low‐ and middle‐income countries, which have suffered disproportionally more economic and human losses from disasters. This article discusses a methodology that makes use of advanced probabilistic catastrophe models to estimate benefits of DRR measures. We apply such newly developed models to generate estimates for hurricane risk on residential structures on the island of St. Lucia, and earthquake risk on residential structures in Istanbul, Turkey, as two illustrative case studies. The costs and economic benefits for selected risk reduction measures are estimated taking account of hazard, exposure, and vulnerability. We conclude by emphasizing the advantages and challenges of catastrophe model‐based cost‐benefit analyses for DRR in developing countries.     

交易费用导向下的宽恕制度及其中国化建构

欧、美等西方国家通过宽恕政策授权反垄断主管机关,以对卡特尔成员的豁免为条件,由相关企业对原卡特尔协议的背叛获取企业共谋的信息。此举旨在增加卡特尔协议达成及实施成本,以至最终消除这一市场竞争中的痼疾。作为整治卡特尔的一剂良药,宽恕政策虽已被中国采纳,但诸多规定尚不明朗。借鉴外国经验,制订行之有效并切合中国反垄断法律体系宽恕制度细则,是目前亟待解决的问题。     

高校教学物资设备招标采购成本控制研究与策略

由于以前的采购管理混乱、采购程序繁杂、资金使用不透明和货款支付延迟等等原因,使采购成本居高不下。因而,对高校的教学、科研等物资设备的采购过程和采购成本进行了研究,提出了一套科学的管理方法,即通过对高校物资设备采购的直接控制和外在控制,发挥规模效应、扩大招标信息的受众面、筹措采购资金,合理选择支付方式、采用合理的评标办法、强化校内共享性资源的协调利用、选择合适的供应商等策略,把采购成本控制在合理的范围内。     

学校最适办学规模分析——以广州市黄埔区为例

文章通过对广州市黄埔区21所学校生均教育成本、生均办学条件、生师比,以及学校招生地段内户籍人口数的实证分析,可以推算出黄埔区公办小学的最适办学规模及最适班额。根据研究结果,需要采取撤并、分流等措施,调整办学规模,保证区域内每所学校都能达到适度规模,取得规模经济效益。