Addressing the alternate hypothesis: Transfer and persistence of saliva beneath fingernails

This study investigated the transfer and persistence of salivary DNA under fingernails. This was performed to address a common alternate hypothesis presented to scientists in court, asserting that a relatively large quantity of DNA detected beneath the fingernails, typically from a victim of crime, originates from innocuous transfer of saliva in a casual setting.It was determined through these studies that contact with liquid saliva was an effective way to transfer foreign DNA beneath fingernails. However, when saliva was dried, DNA did not readily transfer through casual contact.When liquid saliva was placed directly beneath fingernails the amount of DNA detected from the saliva donor twenty-four hours later was several hundred-fold lower than the amount detected when sampling occurred immediately following deposition. Furthermore, when the recipients’ hands were washed immediately following the deposition of liquid saliva beneath fingernails, the majority of foreign DNA was removed following one hand washing and all detectable foreign DNA was removed from most recipients’ hands after three or six hand washings.This study demonstrates that casual contact with wet saliva can result in the transfer of substantial quantities of DNA beneath fingernails but that it does not typically persist for extended periods of time and is mostly removed if the hands are washed soon after deposition.     

中国加入WTO与国家主权保护

作为WTO的成员国,中国必须在关税自主权、国家管辖权、经济决策权等方面让渡部分主权,这是一项严峻的挑战。因此,我们要有效利用WTO关于豁免成员国义务的规定、发展中国家的特殊和差别待遇、保障条款等制度规定保护国家主权;同时要更新主权观念,坚持国家主权原则,维护国家利益;要通过加入WTO来提高综合国力和全民族素质,以有效保护国家主权。     

增加农民收入是建设社会主义新农村的关键

增加农民收入,使农民尽快富裕起来,是建设社会主义新农村的基本出发点和归宿。没有农民的增收富裕,就会制约农村经济的发展,就会制约整个国民经济的增长,就不可能实现全面建设小康社会的目标。为此,要借鉴发达国家增加农民收入的经验,尽快提高我国农民的收入;要加快小城镇化建设,转移农村富余劳动力;同时,还要解决农民融资难等问题。     

商事人格权──人格权的商业利用与保护

传统的人格权制度主要在于保障人格之完整性与不可侵犯性,着重于非财产性的人格利益之保护,而随着社会的发展变化,部分人格权已经逐渐成为商业活动上的重要客体。人格权的商业利用对传统的人格权制度与理论造成了冲击。一方面,于普通的人格利益之外,又分离、形成了一种包含经济利益在内的相对独立的人格利益——商事人格利益,人格权发展成为维护商事人格利益的、兼具财产权属性和具有财产价值的商事人格权;另一方面,为适应商业活动的需要,这些人格权必须具有一定的可转让性与继承性,而且,在权利的保护上能够适用相应的财产权救济方式,以维护人格权在商业利用中所产生的经济利益。     

The transfer and persistence of automotive carpet fibres on shoe soles

The transfer and persistence of automotive carpet fibres to shoe soles was investigated. It was found that fibres were transferred with the normal activity of a car passenger. Carpet type and shoe sole parameters were significant determinants in the number of fibres that transferred. The average number of fibres was between about one and 33 per sole. Fibres that had been transferred after normal activity only persisted for a few minutes after walking. A survey of the shoe soles of people about to leave their car showed that fibres were usually present. The majority of shoe soles surveyed had less than five fibres with the greatest number of fibres found being 14. The likelihood of finding a large number of fibres on such soles is rare. Fibre composition of automotive carpets showed a high degree of variation. Grey was seen to be a common colour irrespective of the colour of the vehicle body.