Juvenile Waiver 2014: A Review of State Statutes

Juvenile waiver has received much attention from the public, practitioners, and scholars. Prior studies have documented the increased use and effects of waiver. In this study we examine the current state of the law regarding juvenile waiver. We replicate 1995 and 2003 studies that examined state waiver statutes and detail the changes in prosecutorial, judicial, and legislative waiver since 2003. While the juvenile crime rate has dropped dramatically, it is unclear why legislatures’ fascination with juvenile waiver has also decreased. In this study we determine that juvenile waiver remains popular with legislatures, although there are signs of change.     

农村基层政权职能与农民负担关系的历史分析

1949年以来,在土地改革的基础上,政府的力量第一次真正深入到了农村基层,农村基层政权经历了私有制基础上的乡镇制,公有制基础上的人民公社制("政社合一"),以及1983年以来建立在多种经济成份基础上的乡镇制。无论哪种体制,作为农村基层政权,它都始终存在着两个基本要素:一是它的"事权",即它到底要承担哪些责任和事务;二是它的"财权",即它的经费有多少,能否与它的事权相匹配。随着现代化的快速推进,农村基层政权的"事权"不断扩大,而它的"财权"却很有限。这种"事权"与"财权"的严重失衡,在"自上而下"的官僚体制和农村民主政治尚不完善的条件下,必然导致农村基层政权将负担以各种形式转移到农民头上。     

试论刑事诉讼证明责任的分配

刑事诉讼证明责任分配问题是近几年来学者们研究的热点问题,刑事诉讼证明责任的分配遵循无罪推定原则,在刑事诉讼中证明一个人有罪由公诉机关和自诉人承担证明责任,被告人不承担证明责任,这是原则性的规定,除此之外还存在刑事诉讼证明责任分配的特殊规则,包括证明责任的倒置和证明责任的转移问题,同时这两者之间也存在着一定的区别。     

财政转移支付对县域经济的影响——基于安徽省截面数据的实证分析

转移支付对县域经济的增长可能存在某种影响,但我国目前的分税制还处在过渡时期,对县级的转移支付制度还没有完全建立起来,理论和实际还存在相当大的差距。在目前情况下,其影响程度有多大,只有通过经验检验才能得出较为可靠的结论。本文选择安徽省截面数据作为研究样本,对安徽省的61个县及县级市的数据进行实证检验。检验结果发现,财政转移支付对县域经济的影响并不显著。转移支付制度不完善、转移支付力度不足和转移支付的去向等方面是其主要原因。     

Simulating transfer and persistence of a chemical marker powder for Lycopodium clavatum spores

In this research a chemical marker powder, based on Lycopodium clavatum spores, was studied to determine its transfer and persistence on a T-shirt. Such chemical marker powders are used to provide evidence that a person has handled a covertly marked object, such as a drug package. The powder was found to transfer readily between a marked item and the person handling it. The powder was found to persist on a T-shirt for up to 13 h; however, there was only a very small amount of powder remaining at this time. The rate of loss of the L. clavatum spores was found to follow a decay curve. The largest decrease in spores from the T-shirt was seen in the first 2 h after the marked item had been handled.     

再论动产物权变动的生效要件

我国《物权法》第23条关于动产物权以交付为变动的生效要件的规定,统领各种类型的动产物权变动,其但书仅适用于动产抵押权、浮动抵押权、海上运输的指示单证及非基于法律行为的动产物权变动等极个别的情形。从物物权的变动、船舶、航空器和机动车诸物权变动,只要是基于法律行为的,依然以交付而非登记为生效要件。我国《物权法》第26条关于指示交付的界定过于狭窄,应予扩张。     

从Glaxo案看营销性无形资产转让定价规制问题

国际关联企业间营销性无形资产转让定价规制主要涉及营销性无形资产的范围界定、所有权归属和价值回报确定等问题。美国Glaxo案件的争议反映出有关国家转让定价税制在这些问题上的立法与实践存在分歧,经合组织的《转让定价准则》也缺乏相应的明确指导规定。由于营销性无形资产的构成和价值确定具有高度的事实依附性,并不存在一种可普遍适用于各种营销性无形资产转让交易的认定标准和规则。为保证转让定价税制实施的正当性目标实现,防止国际税收争议发生和消除国际重复征税风险,应尽可能采用双边或多边预约定价协议方式规制国际关联企业营销性无形资产转让定价交易。关联企业应尽可能在交易合同中对营销功能的履行、风险的分担和营销性无形资产的价值回报事项做出具体的规定,并注意保存充分的同期资料证明文件。     

遏制污染转移应加强公众参与

政府、污染转移者和受害者的环境关系失衡是污染转移屡禁不绝的重要原因。在很多污染转移情形中,污染者面对的是弱小的受害者,政府却偏向于污染者。公众尤其是农村居民在污染预防阶段维权缺位,在污染侵害阶段维权地位不利,使环境污染态势仍在加剧。因此,要实现我国生态环境的转变,就必须改变这种不平等博弈的局面,应促进公众参与遏制污染转移,使其在污染预防阶段能够参与项目的决策,在污染侵害中能够得到相应的赔偿,形成对污染企业和地方政府的压力机制。     

The evaluation of human hand odor volatiles on various textiles: a comparison between contact and noncontact sampling methods

The focus of this study is to compare contact and noncontact human scent collection procedures across an array of textiles (cotton, rayon, polyester, and wool) to determine an optimized collection method for human scent evidence. Six subjects were sampled in triplicate for each textile and collection mode, and the samples were then analyzed through headspace solid-phase micro-extraction in combination with gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS). Contact sampling with cotton material has been shown to be the collection method that yielded the greatest number of volatile compounds and the highest scent mass amounts. Through Spearman rank correlations, it was shown that an individual's scent profile is more reproducible within samples collected on the same textile type than between different materials. Furthermore, contact sampling with cotton fabric demonstrated the greatest reproducibility producing the lowest amount of type I and type II errors with 90.85% of the samples distinguished at the 0.9 match/no match threshold.     

无形资产转让过程中的价值评估

无形资产作为一种具有收益性的经济资源，必然存在所有权和（或）使用权转让的问题。同时，无形资产又具有价值核算方式的特殊性。通过探讨合理确定无形资产转让的价值，来解决无形资产转让过程中存在的实际问题。