2006年春、秋季黄海山东海域鱼类资源结构与数量分布

为了解山东近海渔业资源结构及数量分布现状,2006年春季(5月)和秋季(10月)利用疏目变水层双拖网对黄海山东海域进行了调查.数据分析结果表明,春季近岸浅水区资源量指数明显高于远岸深水区,以海州湾资源量指数最高;秋季,近岸浅水区资源量指数仍稍高于深水区,资源量指数以调查海域南部中间区域最低而海州湾最高.春、秋季调查各捕获鱼类50种.基于生物量的分析表明,按经济价值结构划分,春、秋季均以经济价值较低种类为主;按栖息水层划分,春季以底层鱼类为主,秋季以中上层鱼类为主;按适温类型结构划分,春季以冷温性种类为主,秋季以暖温性种类为主.春季生物量最高的3个种类为玉筋鱼(Ammodytes personatus)、鳀(Engraulisjaponicus)和方氏锦鳚(Enedrias fangi),秋季为鳀、青鳞小沙丁鱼(Sardinella zunasi)和玉筋鱼.春、秋季标准生物量谱的斜率均小于-1,表明种群生物量随着个体质量的增加而减少.鱼类资源组成以小型种类为主,春季鱼类平均体质量为2.36 g,秋季为3.34 g.春季平均个体质量小于10g的种类合计生物量占总生物量的95.74％,秋季则为82.09％.与20世纪80年代相比,本次调查期间鱼类的经济结构更加低质化;资源衰退的趋势虽有所遏制,但渔业资源尤其是传统经济种类资源并未根本恢复;优势种类更替明显,玉筋鱼的优势地位明显上升.根据研究结果认为,应将伏季休渔期提前.     

Temporal and spatial variations in lice numbers on salmon farms in the Hardanger fjord 2004–06

The long and narrow Hardanger fjord in western Norway has a high density of salmon farms and has had severe salmon lice, Lepeophtheirus salmonis, problems. In the years 2004–06, salmon lice numbers were recorded in selected salmon farms in the fjord as part of a larger research project. Most farm sites participated in a strategic control programme and were deloused between November and January in each year. The aim of the programme was to achieve a mean abundance of <0.3 adult female lice at this time and to minimize the infection pressure on wild smolts in the spring. Dedicated teams carried out detailed counting of lice on farmed fish in April–September each year. Temperature conditions were fairly similar throughout the fjord and amongst years, but wide variations in salinities were observed. The two innermost zones, B and C, had the lowest lice mean abundances, whereas the outermost zones, D and E, consistently had more lice. General linear model analyses showed that differences in adult female lice abundance between the zones were associated with differing levels of salinity and emamectin benzoate treatments strategically administered. Mean fish weight was significantly positively correlated with mean abundance of adult female lice.     

The influence of risk factors on the abundance, egg laying habits and impact of Argulus foliaceus in stillwater trout fisheries

Fishery managers perceive the ectoparasitic crustacean, Argulus foliaceus to be a cause of significant economic loss through reduced fish capture rates. This study investigates the influence of previously identified risk factors on the abundance, egg laying habits and impact of this parasite through a longitudinal study of five trout fisheries of varying management intensity. Low water clarity, slow stock turnover and high temperatures showed a significant association with a high abundance of A. foliaceus. High infection levels, low water clarity and low temperature were also associated with reduced rates of fish capture, suggesting abundance of A. foliaceus alone may not affect the catch rates. Depth of egg laying varied in each site throughout the study, increasing in depth as temperature and water clarity increased. Eggs were found to be most abundant in natural fish holding areas and it is hypothesized that the location of egg laying is determined by the habitat usage of host fish.     

Short‐term sequestration of slurry‐derived carbon and nitrogen in temperate grassland soil as assessed by 13C and 15N natural abundance measurements

Land application of animal wastes from intensive grassland farming has caused growing environmental problems during the last decade. This study aimed to elucidate the short‐term sequestration of slurry‐derived C and N in a temperate grassland soil (Southwest England) using natural abundance ¹³C and ¹⁵N stable isotope techniques. Slurry was collected from cows fed either on perennial ryegrass (C3) or maize (C4) silages. 50 m³ ha^—1 of each of the obtained C3 or C4 slurries (δ¹³C = —30.7 and —21.3‰, δ¹⁵N = +12.2 and + 13.8 ‰, respectively) were applied to a C₃ soil with δ¹³C and δ¹⁵N values of —30.0 ± 0.2‰ and + 4.9 ± 0.3‰, respectively. Triplicate soil samples were taken from 0—2, 2—7.5, and 7.5—15 cm soil depth 90 and 10 days before, at 2 and 12 h, as well as at 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days after slurry application and analyzed for total C, N, δ¹³C, and δ¹⁵N. No significant differences in soil C and N content were observed following slurry application using conventional C and N analysis techniques. However, natural abundance ¹³C and ¹⁵N isotope analysis allowed for a sensitive temporal quantification of the slurry‐derived C and N sequestration in the grassland soil. Our results showed that within 12 hours more than one‐third of the applied slurry C was found in the uppermost soil layer (0—2 cm), decreasing to 18% after 2 days, but subsequently increasing to 36% after 2 weeks. The tentative estimate of slurry‐derived N in the soil suggested a decrease from 50% 2 hours after slurry application to only 26% after 2 weeks, assuming that the increase in δ¹⁵N of the slurry plots compared to the control is proportional to the amount of slurry‐incorporated N. We conclude that the natural abundance tracer technique can provide a rapid new clue to the fate of slurry in agricultural C and N budgets, which is important for environmental impacts, farm waste management, and climate change studies.     

Nitrogen distribution and 15N natural abundances in particle size fractions of a long‐term agricultural field experiment

The present study combined a physical fractionation procedure with the determination of the natural abundance of ¹⁵N to investigate the impact of organic manure and mineral fertilizer application, and fallow on changes of N associated with different soil particle size fractions. The long‐term field experiment was conducted since 1956 in Ultuna, Sweden, on an Eutric Cambisol. Nitrogen in bulk soil and in particle size fractions changed significantly since 1956. The N_t concentrations in bulk soil decreased in all treatments not receiving organic materials. Comparing the N contribution of particle‐size fractions to the total N amount revealed the following ranking: silt > clay > fine clay > fine sand > coarse sand. The relative contribution of N in silt sized particles significantly increased from low to high bulk soil N contents, whereas N in clay and fine clay fractions decreased. The C : N ratios of particle size fractions differed considerably more between treatments than C : N ratios in bulk soils. Generally, the C : N ratios decreased from coarse to fine fractions emphasizing the tendency of smaller fractions being more significant as N sink than as C_org sink. ¹⁵N abundances varied more between particle size fractions of single treatments than between bulk soil from differently treated plots. Within treatments we observed differences of up to 7.1 ‰ between particle size fractions. In most cases δ ¹⁵N values increased with decreasing particle sizes. This pattern on average was similar to changes in δ ¹³ C. Our results suggest that silt sized particles acted as medium‐term sink of introduced N and that ¹⁵N abundances in particle size fractions sensitively reflect changes in N status in response to soil management.     

饵料蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹消化酶活性及胰蛋白酶mRNA丰度的影响

设计了蛋白质含量为45%、35%和25%的三种饵料,以鲜活饵料作对照,研究饵料蛋白质对中华绒螯蟹仔蟹(6±0.5g)消化酶活性的影响.分别于饲养后第10天、20天和40天时取其肝胰腺,测定胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性,结果表明(1)肝胰腺胰蛋白酶活性在投喂鲜活饵料时,整个实验过程中无明显差异(P＞0.05);三个实验饵料组蛋白质至第20天时对胰蛋白酶活性才产生显著影响,其中25%蛋白饵料组显著低于其它三个饵料组(P＜0.05).(2)投喂鲜活饵料的仔蟹肝胰腺中淀粉酶比活力在第10d时为49.39 U·mg-1,此后逐渐递减;比较三个蛋白饵料组淀粉酶活性,发现淀粉酶活性自第10天起即受饵料蛋白质的显著影响(P＜0.05),至第20天时45%蛋白饵料组比活力为23.85 U·mg-1,较其它两个蛋白饵料组及对照组相比显著降低(P＜0.05),而第40天时对照组和25%蛋白饲料组的淀粉酶比活力显著高于45%和35%二个蛋白饵料组(P＜0.05).(3)胰蛋白酶mRNA丰度以25%蛋白饵料组为最低,仅0.140,与35%蛋白饵料组较为接近(P＞0.05),而对照饵料组和45%蛋白饵料组的mRNA丰度分别为饲料3组的4.5倍和3.5倍,显著高于25%和35%两个蛋白饵料组(P＜0.05).结果提示仔蟹饵料蛋白质对肝胰腺胰蛋白酶具有显著促进作用,mRNA丰度的变化反映了饵料蛋白质水平导致胰蛋白酶活性的变化是由基因转录水平的差异造成的.     

牦牛全基因组单纯型微卫星分布特征分析

为探究牦牛全基因组中重复序列的组成特征,本研究以染色体水平的牦牛全基因组（BosGru3.1）为研究对象,利用生物信息学方法对牦牛基因组中的单纯型SSRs序列进行了检测,并对其分布特征进行综合分析。结果表明：1）在牦牛全基因组（2.83 Gb）中,共筛选出778 413个单纯型SSRs,总长度为14.42 Mb,占全基因组序列总长的0.51%,相对频率和相对密度分别为274.92 loci/Mb和5 094.43 bp/Mb。2）牦牛31条染色体中,1号染色体所含的SSRs数量最多（48 592个,6.24%）,29号染色体所含的SSRs数量最少（11 758个,1.51%）,染色体DNA序列长度与其所含SSRs数量呈显著正相关（P<0.001）。3)6种重复类型的单纯型SSRs在牦牛基因组中分布不均匀,其中单碱基重复类型的SSRs数量最多（320 592个,41.19%）,其次是两碱基（197 824个,25.41%）、三碱基（130441个,16.76%）、五碱基（75 056个,9.64%）、四碱基（52 523个,6.75%）和六碱基（1 977个,0.25%）。4）各重...     

Changes in the activities of key enzymes and the abundance of functional genes involved in nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil under different aerated conditions

Soil microorganisms play important roles in nitrogen transformation.  The aim of this study was to characterize changes in the activity of nitrogen transformation enzymes and the abundance of nitrogen function genes in rhizosphere soil aerated using three different methods (continuous flooding (CF), continuous flooding and aeration (CFA), and alternate wetting and drying (AWD)).  The abundances of amoA ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB), nirS, nirK, and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, ammonia oxidase, nitrate reductase, and nitrite reductase were measured at the tillering (S1), heading (S2), and ripening (S3) stages.  We analyzed the relationships of the aforementioned microbial activity indices, in addition to soil microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN), with the concentration of soil nitrate and ammonium nitrogen.  The abundance of nitrogen function genes and the activities of nitrogen invertase in rice rhizosphere soil were higher at S2 compared with S1 and S3 in all treatments.  AWD and CFA increased the abundance of amoA and nifH genes, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and decreased the abundance of nirS and nirK genes and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase, with the effect of AWD being particularly strong.  During the entire growth period, the mean abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were 2.9, 5.8, and 3.0 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively, and the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase were 1.1, 0.5, and 0.7 higher in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively.  The abundances of the nirS and nirK genes, and the activities of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase were 73.6, 84.8, 10.3 and 36.5% lower in the AWD treatment than in the CF treatment, respectively.  The abundances of the AOA amoA, AOB amoA, and nifH genes were significantly and positively correlated with the activities of urease, protease, and ammonia oxidase, and the abundances of the nirS and nirK genes were significantly positively correlated with the activities of nitrate reductase.  All the above indicators were positively correlated with soil MBC and MBN.  In sum, microbial activity related to nitrogen transformation in rice rhizosphere soil was highest at S2.  Aeration can effectively increase the activity of most nitrogen-converting microorganisms and MBN, and thus promote soil nitrogen transformation.      

博斯腾湖鱼类密度季节变化及其环境影响因素

为了解博斯腾湖鱼类资源现状及其与环境因素的关系，于2019年5月（春季）、7-8月（夏季）、10月（秋季），采用分裂波束回声探测仪（Simrad EY60， 120 kHz）开展全湖水声学探测，并对水环境指标进行现场测量。结果显示，博斯腾湖鱼类密度在夏季最高，平均值为（8 783±2 611） ind./hm²；春季和秋季间无显著性差异，平均值分别为（709±141）、（743±499） ind./hm²。根据目标强度与体长关系经验公式推算，春季、夏季和秋季鱼类的平均体长分别为8.8、4.0和5.1 cm。相关分析结果显示，博斯腾湖鱼类密度与水温和电导率呈极显著正相关（P<0.01），而与透明度呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。随机森林模型的特征重要性排序结果显示，电导率是鱼类密度最重要的预测因子，其次为溶解氧、盐度和水温等。推测鱼类密度的季节变化与环境变化、食物来源、繁殖习性等因素密切相关，环境因子可能通过直接或间接的方式影响鱼类的生态环境需求。     

Carbon nanomaterial addition changes soil nematode community in a tall fescue mesocosm

Carbon nanomaterials have been widely used in industry and inevitably enter the environment. However, there is little information about their influence on the abundance and diversity of soil nematode community. We evaluated the impact of three kinds of carbon nanomaterials (graphene, graphene oxide, and carbon nanotubes) on the abundance and diversity of soil nematodes after growing tall fescue for 130 d using a laboratory pot experiment. A total of 29 genera of nematodes were identified in all the treatments. Carbon nanomaterials significantly increased the abundance of total nematodes and plant parasites. The presence of graphene and graphene oxide increased the numbers of bacterivores, and graphene benefited fungivores. The total nematode abundance was 1.9-2.9 times greater in the carbon nanomaterial treatments than in the control with no carbon nanomaterial addition. However, graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes decreased the values of nematode community parameters, e.g., diversity, species richness, and structure index. Compared with the control, the addition of graphene resulted in a community with a higher plant-parasitic index (i.e., the maturity index of the plant-parasitic nematodes). Overall, our findings highlight that the addition of carbon nanomaterials has a negative influence on the composition and diversity of the nematode community, simplifying the community structure.