Analysis of entropy generation in hydrogen-enriched ultra-lean counter-flow methane–air non-premixed combustion

In this paper, entropy generation in hydrogen-enriched ultra-lean counter-flow methane–air non-premixed combustion confined by planar opposing jets is investigated for the first time. The effects of the effective equivalence ratio and the volume percentage of hydrogen in fuel blends on entropy generation are studied by numerically evaluating the entropy generation equation. The lattice Boltzmann model proposed in our previous work, instead of traditional numerical methods, is used to solve the governing equations for combustion process. Through the present study, five interesting features of this kind of combustion, which are quite different from that reported in previous literature on entropy generation analysis for hydrogen-enriched methane–air combustion, are revealed. The total entropy generation number can be approximated as a linear increasing function of the volume percentage of hydrogen in fuel mixture and the effective equivalence ratio for all the cases under the present study.     

Modeling lateral control in driving studies

In driving studies based on simulators and instrumented vehicles, specific models are needed to capture key aspects of driving data such as lateral control. We propose a model that uses weighted polynomial projections to predict each data point from the previous three time points, and accommodates the attempts of the drivers to re-center the vehicle before crossing the borders of the traffic lane. Our model also allows the possibility that average position within the lane may vary from driver to driver. We demonstrate how to fit the model using standard statistical procedures available in software packages such as SAS. We used a fixed-base driving simulator to obtain data from 67 drivers with Alzheimer's disease and 128 elderly drivers without dementia. Using these data, we estimated the subject-specific parameters of our model, and we compared the two groups with respect to these parameters. We found that the parameters based on our model were able to distinguish between the groups in an interpretable manner. Hence, this model may be a useful tool to define outcome measures for observational and interventional driving studies.     

感兴趣系数图像压缩编码算法

根据遥感图像编码的特殊性,提出了一种感兴趣系数编码算法。对于给定码率计算遥感图像小波域系数的熵估计值,从而大致确定正常编码情况下图像编码所截取到的比特平面, 在此基础上给出了感兴趣系数确定方案及提升幅度的计算方法。该算法与感兴趣区域编码方法不同,不需要在图像域指定感兴趣区域,系数提升幅度也不用提前指定,而且不必对所有子带的系数进行提升。该算法是任意区域的感兴趣区域编码的扩展和补充,但更为灵活、有效。仿真结果表明该算法可以有效保留遥感图像中小目标的信息,但图像总体质量略有下降。     

基于小波变换的图像融合方法

提出了一种基于小波变换的改进图像融合方法。对小波分解后的高频分量使用图像区域内像素的最大绝对值作为该区域中心像素的活性测度以得到融合图像的高频分量,对分解后的低频分量通过度量其图像块的质量来确定融合图像的低频分量。实验结果表明,该方法得到的融合图像清晰度和对比度都较好,是一种有效的图像融合算法。     

Dynamic bounds for power and efficiency of non-ideal energy converters under nonlinear transfer laws

We present a thermodynamic approach to simulation and modeling of nonlinear energy converters, in particular radiation engines. Novel results are obtained especially for dynamical engines when the temperature of the propelling medium decreases in time due to a continual decrease of the medium's internal energy caused by the power production. Basic thermodynamic principles determine the converter's efficiency and work limits in terms of the entropy production. The real work is a cumulative effect obtained in a system of a resource fluid, a sequence of engines, and an infinite bath. Nonlinear modeling involves dynamic optimization in which the classical expression for efficiency at maximum power is generalized to endoirreversible machines and nonlinear transfer laws. The primary result is a finite-rate generalization of the classical, reversible work potential (exergy). The generalized work function depends on thermal coordinates and a dissipation index, h, i.e. a Hamiltonian of the minimum entropy production problem. This generalized work function implies stronger bounds on work delivered or supplied than the reversible work potential. The role of the nonlinear analyses and dynamic optimization is shown especially for radiation engines. As an example of the kinetic work limit, generalized exergy of radiation fluid is estimated in terms of finite rates, quantified by the Hamiltonian h.     

An entropy generation metric for non-energy systems assessments

Processes in non-energy systems have not been as frequent a subject of sustainability studies based on Thermodynamics as have processes in energy systems. This paper offers insight into thermodynamic thinking devoted to selection of a sustainability energy-related metric based on entropy balancing of a non-energy system. An underlying objective in this sustainability oriented study is product quality involving thermal processing during manufacturing vs. resource utilization (say, energy). The product quality for the considered family of materials processing for manufacturing is postulated as inherently controlled by the imposed temperature non-uniformity margins. These temperature non-uniformities can be converted into a thermodynamic metric which can be related to either destruction of exergy of the available resource or, on a more fundamental level of process quality, to entropy generation inherent to the considered manufacturing system. Hence, a manufacturing system can be considered as if it were an energy system, although in the later case the system objective would be quite different. In a non-energy process, a metric may indicate the level of perfection of the process (not necessarily energy efficiency) and may be related to the sustainability footprint or, as advocated in this paper, it may be related to product quality. Controlled atmosphere brazing (CAB) of aluminum, a state-of-the-art manufacturing process involving mass production of compact heat exchangers for automotive, aerospace and process industries, has been used as an example.     

Local entropy generation for saturated two-phase flow

This paper addresses the estimation of local entropy generation rate for diabatic saturated two-phase flow of a pure fluid. Two different approaches have been adopted for this thermodynamic characterization: the separated flow model using the classical vapor flow quality, and the mixture model, using the thermodynamic vapor quality. Based on these two models, two distinct expressions for the local entropy generation have been proposed. The analysis explicitly shows the contribution of heat transfer and pressure drop respectively to the local entropy generation. The contribution due to phase-change process is also determined using the mixture model. The developed formulation is applied to analyze the thermodynamic performance of enhanced heat transfer tubes under different conditions. It is shown that enhanced tubes may be a relevant solution for reducing entropy generation at low mass velocities whereas smooth tubes remain the best solution at higher ones.     

Viscous dissipation effect on entropy generation for non-Newtonian fluids in microchannels

An analytical study on the viscous dissipation effect on entropy generation in fully developed forced convection for single phase non-Newtonian fluid flow in circular microchannels is reported. In the first-law analysis, closed form solutions of the temperature distributions in the radial direction for the models with and without viscous dissipation term in the energy equation are obtained. In the second-law analysis, the two models are compared by analyzing their relative deviations in dimensionless entropy generation and Bejan number for different Brinkman number and power-law index. The findings show that under certain conditions the viscous dissipation effect on entropy generation in microchannels is significant and should not be neglected.     

Effect of aspect ratio on entropy generation in a rectangular cavity with differentially heated vertical walls

In the present study, entropy generation in rectangular cavities with the same area but different aspect ratios is numerically investigated. The vertical walls of the cavities are at different constant temperatures while the horizontal walls are adiabatic. Heat transfer between vertical walls occurs by laminar natural convection. Based on the obtained dimensionless velocity and temperature values, the distributions of local entropy generation due to heat transfer and fluid friction, the local Bejan number and local entropy generation number are determined and related maps are plotted. The variation of the total entropy generation and average Bejan number for the whole cavity volume at different aspect ratios for different values of the Rayleigh number and irreversibility distribution ratio are also evaluated. It is found that for a cavity with high value of Rayleigh number (i.e., Ra = 10⁵), the total entropy generation due to fluid friction and total entropy generation number increase with increasing aspect ratio, attain a maximum and then decrease. The present results are compared with reported solutions and excellent agreement is observed. The study is performed for 10² < Ra < 10⁵, 10^− 4 < ? < 10^− 2, and Pr = 0.7.     

非煤矿山安全管理的生态系统理论研究

基于生态系统理论的基本原理,提出非煤矿山安全管理生态系统的概念,建立非煤矿山安全管理生态系统模型,对系统的内涵和结构进行深入分析,结合耗散结构理论构建系统的评价模型,计算系统的总熵值,根据总熵值的大小评判系统的稳定有序性。选取陕西省某非煤矿山为案例,对其2007—2016年安全管理生态系统熵变指标要素评分进行数据分析。研究结果表明:通过熵权法赋权模型获得的评价结果相对合理,为有关部门的监测和有针对性的治理提供了重要依据,系统在2007—2013年的累计信息熵是正的,系统处于无序混乱状态,系统累计信息熵从2014年开始由正到负,系统从2014年开始趋于稳定有序状态。