活性炭负载磷钨酸催化合成乳酸正戊酯

以磷钨酸/活性涂为催化剂,催化酯化合成乳酸正戊酯。通过正交设计法考察了催化剂用量、醇酸摩尔比、反应时间及带水剂用量等因素对反应的影响。结果表明:在催化剂用量1.8 g、醇酸摩尔比1.5、反应时间2 h和带水剂环己烷5 mL的条件下,乳酸正戊酯的酯化率大于96.2%,并且催化剂可多次使用,活性没有明显下降。     

Kinetic behaviour of muscle LDH immobilized in nylon tubing

Immobilization was carried out of the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) from rabbit muscle (EC 1.1.1.27), cross-linked through the bifunctional reactive glutar-aldehyde on to nylon tubing (1 m long, 53cm² internal surface area). Immobilized LDH inactivation kinetics are of first order (t_1/2 = 3·6 years, k = 5·4,e^?4 day^?1 to 5°C). The smaller effect of pH on activity than in the case of LDH in solution can be explained on the basis of limitation to proton diffusion towards the support. A limiting effect to free external diffusion of the substrate towards and products from the support was also observed, an effect which seems to determine the effective kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. The apparent optimum temperature is centred around 40°C, observing a clear inactivation (thermal denaturation) above this temperature. In the temperature range studied (10–40°C), the co-existence was seen of a kinetic control accompanied by another control, involving diffusional transport of substrates and products, on the global activity of the immobilized enzyme. This makes the Arrhenius profiles curvilinear. Both graphic and statistical non-linear regression analysis of the kinetic data—rate, v, versus substrate concentration [S]—carried out under conditions in which the diffusional limitations can be considered negligible (high recirculation flow rate), permitted investigation of the intrinsic kinetic behaviour of immobilized LDH. In this sense, it can be deduced that the rate equation to which these data seem to be fitted is of the polynomial quotient type in [S] of minimum degree 2:2. Although the diffusional limitations have a marked effect on the type of global kinetics shown by immobilized LDH, temperature was not found to affect its v[S] behaviour. The experimental evidence obtained thus indicates that the rate equation in the 10-40°C temperature range continues to be a rational equation of at least degree 2:2 in [S].     

维生素C催化合成乳酸异戊酯

首次利用维生素C催化乳酸和异戊醇合成了乳酸异戊酯。在0．1mol乳酸，0．2mol异戊醇和0．2g维生素C作用下，回流分水60min，酯收率达60．0％。结果表明：维生素C能够代替硫酸作为乳酸酯化的催化剂。     

NO2氧化合成丙酮酸乙酯

研究了以NO2为氧化剂,催化氧化乳酸乙酯合成丙酮酸乙酯的新方法,讨论了氧化剂用量、反应时间、反应温度、催化剂用量等因素对反应的影响。在最佳实验条件下,产品收率大于75%,纯度达98%。本法最大的优点是为NO2废气的回收利用提供了新的途径。     

A modified consensus approach to mutagenesis inverts the cofactor specificity of Bacillus stearothermophilus lactate dehydrogenase

Lactate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus is specific for NAD+. There have been several attempts to alter the cofactor specificity of this enzyme, but these have yielded enzymes with relatively low activities that still largely prefer NAD+. A modified consensus approach was used to create a library of phylogenetically preferred amino acids situated near the cofactor binding site, and variants were screened for their ability to utilize NMN+. A triple mutant (Mut31) was discovered that proved to be more catalytically efficient than wild-type. Mut31 was also better at utilizing NAD+ than the wild-type enzyme and was weakly active with NADP+ and NMN+. An analysis of single amino acid substitutions suggested that all three mutations worked in a concerted fashion to yield robust cofactor utilization. When two previously identified amino acid substitutions were introduced into the Mut31 background, the resultant quintuply substituted enzyme not only utilized NADP+ far better than the wild-type enzyme, it actually inverted its preference for NAD+ and NADP+.     

乳酸左氧氟沙星的飞行时间质谱裂解规律研究

采用不同电子能量的 EI和不同反应气压力的 CI电离方式 ,研究了乳酸左氧氟沙星 ( LL)的半水合物飞行时间质谱 ( TOFMS)的裂解规律。结果表明 :乳酸左氧氟沙星难以产生喹诺酮特有的裂解产物 ;当电离能量为 2 5 e V时 ,所得 EI谱的碎片离子丰度明显大于 70 e V所得离子的丰度 ;当反应气由正常压力 1× 1 0 -2Pa降低到 1× 1 0 -3 Pa时 ,CI谱中碎片离子丰度由极小变大 ,其强度与 EI( 70 e V)所得离子丰度相当     

硫酸氢钠催化合成乳酸乙酯的研究

采用硫酸氢钠为催化剂合成乳酸乙酯。研究表明该催化剂具备价廉易得，催化活性高，能有效提高原料利用率，流程简单，操作方便，减少废液排放等优势。产品总收率达88．3％。     

The Effect of Lactates on the Quality of Microwave-Cooked Chicken Patties during Storage

ABSTRACT:  The aim of this study was to determine the effect of adding 3.3% sodium lactate (SL), 0.25% calcium lactate (CL), and 1.65% SL along with 0.125% CL (SL+CL) on the physicochemical properties, cooking characteristics, and microbiological quality of microwave-cooked chicken patties compared to control (no added lactates). The addition of lactates did not affect the proximate composition of cooked chicken patties. The pH of CL- or SL+CL-containing patties was significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced compared to control or SL patties. The SL-containing patties had lower ( P < 0.05) a _w values compared to control or CL patties. The CL- or SL+CL-containing patties had lower denatured myoglobin and higher ( P < 0.05) cooking yield, surface redness (CIE a *), and chroma values. However, addition of CL alone resulted in higher total expressible fluid, indicating lower water-holding capacity. The CL-containing patties exhibited lower Warner–Bratzler shear force values and higher ( P < 0.05) penetrometer reading compared to the SL-containing patties, indicating soft texture. Thiobarbituric acid (TBA) values were significantly ( P < 0.05) reduced in all lactate-containing patties compared to control up to the 7th day of refrigerated storage under aerobic conditions. No difference ( P > 0.05) was observed in aerobic plate counts between control and lactate-added patties during 28-d storage.     

Thermal decomposition of aluminium hydroxycarboxylates—lactate,citrate and tartrate

The thermal transformation of anhydrous alumina obtained by the decomposition of the lactate, citrate and tartrate of aluminium has been examined by thermal analysis(TGA and DTA), infrared spectrophotometry and X-ray diffraction study. It is found that under an atmosphere of air the thermal decomposition of aluminium hydroxycarboxylates to anhydrous amorphous alumina, which transforms to α-alumina via γ-, δ- and θ-aluminas, proceeds as follows for Al[CH₃CH(OH)COO]₃, the decomposition of skeleton and the combustion of its decomposition products; for Al[CH₂C(OH)CH₂(COO)₃] and Al₂{[CH(OH)COO]₂}₃, dehydroxylation, decomposition of skeleton and the combustion of its decomposition products.