固态发酵白酒生产中芽孢杆菌属细菌产乳酸特性及降乳研究

本文对白酒生产现场分离纯化的芽孢杆菌属细菌产乳酸的状况及条件进行了研究，确认在白酒生产中，这些菌株是产生乳酸的重要菌类。菌株在以葡萄糖为碳源、蛋白胨为氮源、于３０～４０℃静置培养时可得到多量乳酸。发现有机物Ｃ－Ⅱ以０．０５％的加量添加到酒醅中时，白酒基酒中乳酸乙酯含量平均可降低２１．９％。     

Beef sausage structure affected by sodium chloride and potassium lactate

A histological and ultrastructural study was conducted to characterize changes in the muscle fibre structure of three fresh sausage preparations, depending on meat composition, sodium chloride (NaCl) and potassium lactate (K-lactate) contents. After addition of 0.8% and 1.6% NaCl, 65% and 51%, respectively, of the area observed showed well preserved fibres (histological data). The altered regions presented a large disorganization of the myofilaments and a solubilization of the sarcolemma and of the Z lines. K-lactate addition had no marked effects on meat structure. The preparation containing some sheep meat was more sensitive to salt than the others containing only bovine meat. The level of alteration was much lower than those obtained in pork meat in another study. Technological conditions used to modify the internal muscle fibre structure during sausage processing depend on the species used. Therefore, the classification of the sausage preparation to “meat preparation” or “meat product” under the EU regulation (EC) No. 853/2004 (which assign meat preparations to meat if the product has undergone a process insufficient to modify the internal muscle fibre structure of the meat) must be systematically controlled when changing the meat sausage composition.     

鸡蛋壳制备乳酸钙工艺条件的研究

本试验对鸡蛋壳制备乳酸钙的工艺进行了研究。结果表明最佳条件为:鸡蛋壳在900℃下灰化110min,4g灰分加水50ml制成石灰乳,石灰乳中加入13mol/L乳酸14ml发生中和反应,经过滤、结晶、过滤后干燥制得白色粉末产品。产率为75.6%,乳酸钙含量为88.1%。     

L-乳酸米根霉发酵体系LDH活力及代谢调控研究

乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)是米根霉代谢生产L-乳酸过程的关键酶，研究其在发酵过程中的活力变化，从酶水平分析发酵条件对L-乳酸发酵的影响，对米根霉发酵生产L-乳酸的人工代谢调节、菌种选育具有重要意义。本文研究了摇瓶条件下的米根霉AS3．1208发酵体系中乳酸脱氢酶的活力调控条件及与L-乳酸即时产率的关系，结果表明，发酵体系中L-乳酸产率与LDH活力在36～40h时最高。葡萄糖作为C源的L-乳酸产率与LDH活力比甘薯淀粉高。与牛肉膏和蛋白胨相比，硫酸铵是米根霉代谢的最佳N源，0．40％的硫酸铵具有较高的乳酸产率与LDH活力。发酵培养基中添加CaCO3与否，对乳酸产率与LDH活力有极大影响。以甘薯淀粉为碳源，在250ml三角瓶中的装液量为100ml，发酵36～40h时的L-乳酸即时产率最大，此时LDH活力也最高。     

海藻糖、乳酸钠对冻藏鳙鱼鱼糜蛋白抗冻效果的影响

以凝胶强度、盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性、总巯基、表面疏水性为指标并结合DSC分析(差示扫描量热分析),研究了海藻糖、乳酸钠在8%(w/w)水平上对鳙鱼鱼糜蛋白在-18℃冻藏24周的抗冻效果,并将其抗冻效果与传统商业抗冻剂(4%蔗糖+4%山梨糖醇)进行了对比。结果表明,海藻糖、乳酸钠的加入能较好地抑制冻藏鳙鱼鱼糜蛋白的冷冻变性,表现在这2种物质加入后,冻藏鳙鱼鱼糜的凝胶能力得到较好的维持,盐溶性蛋白含量、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活性和巯基含量的下降及表面疏水性的增加也得到很好的抑制,2种物质的抗冻效果比传统商业抗冻剂具有明显的优势。DSC分析表明,抗冻剂的添加可能改变了鳙鱼鱼糜肌球蛋白的结构,使其变得更稳定,从而表现出较好的冻藏稳定性。海藻糖、乳酸钠都属于低甜度、低热值物质,因此在鱼糜加工业中有望成为传统商业抗冻剂的替代物。     

Potassium Lactate and Fresh-Pork-Sausage Formulation Effects on Shelf Life in Lighted and Unlighted Display

ABSTRACT:  The objective was to examine the effects of potassium lactate (KL) and raw-meat blend on the shelf-life of fresh-pork-sausage patties in lighted and unlighted display. Four fresh-pork-sausage blends (70% prerigor meat, 30% fresh-pork trim; 80%/20%; 90%/10%; and 100%/0%) were formulated ( n = 3) with 0% and 3% KL, and patties were displayed for 10 d at 4 °C in lighted display or for 7 d in unlighted display followed by 3 d in lighted display. Patties with KL had lower aerobic plate counts (APC), more stable color (greater a* and chroma, less visual discoloration), and less lipid oxidation ( P < 0.05) during display than did patties without KL. Patties in the light for 10 d were more discolored and had more lipid oxidation ( P < 0.05) than those in the dark for 7 d followed by the light for 3 d. Patties with KL in the light for 10 d had similar color ( P > 0.05) to patties without KL that were in the dark for the first 7 d. Adding KL resulted in similar color stability ( P > 0.05) among patties made from 80, 90, and 100% prerigor meat and greater color stability ( P < 0.05) than similarly formulated patties without KL. By using 3% KL, fresh-pork-sausage patty color stability was maximized, APC and lipid oxidation were minimized, and formulation costs can be decreased by using less-expensive fresh-pork trim for up to 20% of the blend. Adding KL also minimized the effects of display lighting on myoglobin and lipid oxidation.     

乳酸及乳酸钠在鲜肉保鲜中的应用

本试验采用乳酸、乳酸钠及其二者的混合物按不同比例加入鲜猪肉中，在室温30℃湿度85～95％条件下贮存，定时进行内的鲜度检测，并与未添加任何深加剂的肉作比较，试验结果表明，单一使用与混合使用这二种添加剂均有不同程度的保鲜效果，以0．21％乳酸、2．79％乳酸钠添加量保鲜效果较好，可延长保鲜期1～3天。     

乳酸盐通量及其控制分析:食品功能的定量化评价方法

目的:食品对机体的影响主要表现为对代谢和代谢网络的影响,本实验旨在研究食品对机体代谢作用的定量化评价方法。方法:通过对志愿者外周血采样,首先研究4 种生理状态(基础状态、学习状态、运动状态和发烧状态)下,乳酸盐代谢通量的变化,同时研究中心代谢途径中的15 种酶对乳酸盐代谢通量的控制作用;采用相关分析和主成分分析相结合的方法,研究酶的表达(或合成)量对乳酸盐代谢通量的作用,确定主成分及各种酶的控制系数。另招募健康志愿者,采集其食用大米变性淀粉前后的外周血样,运用已建立的代谢通量模型及控制分析方法对变性淀粉的功能性进行评价。结果:4种状态下乳酸盐代谢通量各不相同,由小到大依次为:基础状态、学习状态、运动状态和发烧状态,4种生理状态下机体内的分解代谢依次增强,可见乳酸盐代谢通量实质上反映了机体分解代谢(氧化磷酸化供能)的强弱。丙酮酸激酶(pyruvate kinase,PK,Cp PK=0.221 6),丙酮酸脱氢酶复合物(pyruvate dehydrogenase complex,PDHC,Cp PDHC=0.206 4),乳酸脱氢酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH,Cp LDH=0.162 6),转酮酶(transketolase,TKL,Cp TKL=0.206 0)对乳酸盐代谢通量起到主要作用,其中,PK的控制作用最强。志愿者食用变性淀粉后,乳酸盐通量增强,分解代谢增强而合成代谢减弱;PK的基因表达(合成)量显著增加(P=0.010.05),PDHC的基因表达(合成)量极显著降低(P=0.0030.01),说明所测酶的表达量与所预测的乳酸盐通量之间的拟合程度较好。结论:本实验建立的评价方法可以通过采集适量的外周血对食用食品后的人体代谢作用进行定量化评价。     

Control of Listeria monocytogenes in ready-to-eat meats containing sodium levulinate, sodium lactate, or a combination of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate

ABSTRACT:  This study investigated the use of sodium levulinate to prevent outgrowth of Listeria monocytogenes in refrigerated ready-to-eat (RTE) meat products. Turkey breast roll and bologna were formulated to contain 1%, 2%, or 3% (w/w) sodium levulinate, 2% sodium lactate, a 2% combination of sodium lactate and sodium diacetate (1.875% sodium lactate and 0.125% sodium diacetate), or no antimicrobial (control). Samples of the RTE products were sliced, inoculated with 10² to 10³ CFU/cm² of a 5-strain cocktail of L. monocytogenes , vacuum packaged, and stored at refrigeration temperature for 0 to 12 wk. Counts reached 10⁸ CFU/cm² on control turkey roll product after 8 wk, and over 10⁷ CFU/cm² on control bologna after 12 wk. Addition of 2% or more sodium levulinate to turkey roll and 1% or more sodium levulinate to bologna completely prevented growth of L. monocytogenes during 12 wk of refrigerated storage. A consumer taste panel with pathogen-free samples found no differences in the overall liking among the preparations of turkey roll or among preparations of bologna. These results show that sodium levulinate is at least as effective at inhibiting outgrowth of L. monocytogenes in RTE meat products as the current industry standards of lactate or lactate and diacetate, and levulinate addition does not alter the overall liking of the RTE meat products.     

Gas-flushed packaging contributes to calcium lactate crystals in Cheddar cheese

Gas-flushed packaging is commonly used for cheese shreds and cubes to prevent aggregation and loss of individual identity. Appearance of a white haze on cubed cheese is unappealing to consumers, who may refrain from buying, resulting in lost revenue to manufacturers. The objective of this study was to determine whether gas flushing of Cheddar cheese contributes to the occurrence of calcium lactate crystals (CLC). Cheddar cheese was manufactured using standard methods, with addition of starter culture, annatto, and chymosin. Two different cheese milk compositions were used: standard (lactose:protein = 1.47, protein:fat = 0.90, lactose = 4.8%) and ultrafiltered (UF; lactose:protein = 1.23, protein:fat = 0.84, lactose = 4.8%), with or without adjunct Lactobacillus curvatus. Curds were milled when whey reached 0.45% titratable acidity, and pressed for 16 h. After aging at 7.2°C for 6 mo, cheeses were cubed (1 × 1 × 4 cm) and either vacuum-packaged or gas-flushed with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, or a 50:50 mixture of carbon dioxide and nitrogen, then aged for an additional 3 mo. Heavy crystals were observed on surfaces of all cubed cheeses that were gas-flushed, but not on cheeses that were vacuum-packaged. Cheeses without Lb. curvatus exhibited l(+)-CLC on surfaces, whereas cheeses with Lb. curvatus exhibited racemic mixtures of l(+)/d(−)-CLC throughout the cheese matrices. The results show that gas flushing (regardless of gas composition), milk composition, and presence of nonstarter lactic acid bacteria, can contribute to the development of CLC on cheese surfaces. These findings stress the importance of packaging to cheese quality.