洪泽湖西部湖滨的生物多样性保护与可持续利用

洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性比较丰富，湿地植被群丛多样，重点保护鸟类种类多，种群数量大。调查结果显示：洪泽湖湿地共鉴定出浮游植物165种、水生高等植物81种、浮游动物91种、底栖动物69种、鱼类102种、鸟类194种。在对洪泽湖西部湖滨的范围、自然特征、社会经济特征和环境质量进行简要介绍后，分析了影响洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性的主要因素，重点提出了洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性保护的措施：加强保护区建设、湖滨生态工程建设和区域环境综合整治。对洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性的可持续利用提出了一些建议。对洪泽湖西部湖滨生物多样性保护的资金来源进行了筹划。     

小集水区生物多样性工程之设计

依据国际生物多样性公约,世界各国从1992年以来,在环境保育利用与经营管理上,无不以生物多样性之规划设计为考虑。因此,为了集水区的水土资源保育与生态永续经营之长远目的,台湾特殊地之泥岩地区刺竹林之林相更新或竹林地复层植被之建立,有其必要性与迫切性。然有关泥岩地区之相关试验研究虽多,但目前对于持续扩大之自然裸坡则尚无良好对策与方法。以小集水区整体环境重建构想,提出小集水区生物多样性之设计,并配合土木工程之生态复育工法。经调查研究结果之泥岩坡面裸化、冲淤过程以及植被坡面保育功能等适宜性整治有所更深入了解与助益,且可对持续扩张之泥岩裸露地加以控制,提供一套具体可行之生态复育方式。经多年之调查结果,已显现其生物多样性效果,而就地取材的连续性拦阻及生态环境之营造,以及改善当地微气候之生物多样性营造方式,并可在小集水区进行区域生态足迹追踪,进而达到可预期之生态需求。     

Terrestrial ecosystem processes of Victoria Land, Antarctica

Terrestrial environments of Victoria Land, Antarctica are ideal systems to test hypotheses about the sensitivity of ecosystem processes to climate variability, and the relationships between soil biodiversity and ecosystem functioning because of their high sensitivity to climate change and their limited diversity. This region is also considered among the most pristine of ecosystems, and therefore may serve as an indicator for detecting the response of other ecosystems to global environmental change. Rates and controls over key ecosystem processes remain poorly documented over much of Victoria Land, but it is generally held that the distribution and functioning of soil communities are most limited by the availability of liquid water and organic carbon. Here we review examples of ecosystem processes from several sites in North and South Victoria Land and develop a regional synthesis accounting for variation in the availability of soil resources (i.e. liquid water, organic matter, inorganic nutrients). Variation in soil microclimate, organic matter, moisture and salinity encountered over gradients of coastal to interior sites, latitude, and soil chronosequences are the primary controls over the structure of soil communities and their functioning. Imbalanced stoichiometric nutrient ratios frequently encountered in Victoria Land ecosystems also contribute to limited distribution of soil biota, and where they occur these elemental imbalances indicate lower biological activity and little biotic control over bulk element ratios in soils. Priorities and future directions of Victoria Land soil and ecosystem research are also discussed.     

Nutrient management in low input grazing–based systems of meat production

Abstract. Low input grazing-based meat production is often practised on land where alternative land use is restricted and where high biodiversity warrants specific environmental payments. Although these systems are characterized by low external nutrient inputs, significant nutrient losses may occur per unit of produce, even though losses per unit area are low. If the aim is to have animal production without further eutrophication of watercourses, these losses should be minimized,. However, if nutrient-poor grasslands characterized by high biodiversity are the aim, some losses must be accepted to balance nutrient inputs by atmospheric deposition. The impact of grazing animals on nutrient dynamics in grasslands is reviewed in this paper, and options to further improve nutrient management are discussed. It is concluded that nutrient management should largely be addressed indirectly through management of animal behaviour in relation to grazing and supplemental feeding, as well as through optimization of the seasonal distribution of livestock size. A case study indicated that N losses from a cattle farm could be reduced considerably by these means, while animal production could actually be improved. Sustainability issues and trends in legislative and social pressures on low input grazing-based systems of animal production are discussed in relation to nutrient management and practical recommendations.     

Relating microarthropod community structure and diversity to soil fertility manipulations in temperate grassland

We aimed to identify patterns of diversity in a below-ground community of microarthropods (mites and Collembola) after 15 months of a nutrient (calcium and nitrogen) manipulation experiment, located at the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Soil Biodiversity Site in Scotland, UK. We found that microarthropod densities increased with elevated soil fertility, but we detected no concurrent change in the diversity of soil microarthropods (mites and Collembola combined). That microarthropod density increased concurrently with improvements in soil fertility and plant productivity suggests that soil microarthropod communities are predominately regulated by bottom-up forces, driven by increased energy transfer via plant inputs to soil, providing increased food resources for fauna. However, that we found no concurrent change in the diversity of soil microarthropods provides little support for the idea that the diversity of soil fauna is positively related to their population density, primary productivity or improvements in soil conditions resulting from nutrient manipulations. However, we did find that microarthropod communities of more fertile sites contained a greater proportion of predators suggesting that more energy was transferred to higher trophic levels under elevated soil fertility. Our findings suggest that unlike plant communities, soil faunal diversity may not be strongly regulated by competition in productive situations, since competitive exclusion might not occur due to increased predation. Whilst we conclude that soil microarthropod diversity at our study site has not been affected by the nutrient additions to date, in the longer term we predict that changes in community composition and diversity could arise, most likely through top-down regulation of the soil food web.     

有机农业的环境效益评估

常规农业所带来的环境破坏影响越来越被人们所认识。有机农业作为一种新型农业发展模式 ,以保持农业可持续发展和环境影响最小化为其基本原则 ,近 10 a在全球得到迅速发展和推广。与常规农业相比 ,有机农业的环境破坏风险较低。介绍了有机农业的发展现状 ,并就有机农业可能影响到的水环境、土壤环境、大气环境、生物多样性以及人类健康等方面进行探讨 ,以全面评估有机农业的环境效益     

施肥模式对晚稻田杂草群落的影响

【目的】长期不合理施化肥对生态环境的影响已经引起学者和公众的关注,有机肥的施用越来越受到重视。揭示有机肥对农田杂草群落影响的机制、预测有机农业环境下杂草群落的演替趋势十分困难。本文对比研究不同施肥模式下农田杂草的群落特征,探索晚稻田杂草群落结构演变趋势,以期为现代农业中有机肥的合理施用和农田生物多样性保护提供科学依据。【方法】通过田间长期定位施肥试验,运用群落生态学方法研究了晚稻种植季五种施肥处理区杂草群落的结构特征及其生物多样性。在每个小区随机设置5个面积为0.25 m2的样方,记录各样方内杂草物种种类、每个种类杂草的数量,调查杂草的盖度与频度;测定稻谷理论产量;使用照度计测量地表与水稻冠层顶部的光照强度,计算光照透过率;测定耕作层土壤的有机质、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量。计算杂草的重要值,采用物种丰富度(S)和Shannon-Wiener指数(H)测定杂草群落的生物多样性;以15个处理小区中的11种常见杂草的重要值构成原始数据矩阵,应用SPSS16.0软件进行主成分分析和典范对应分析。【结果】晚稻田不同施肥处理土壤养分以及光照透过率差异显著,施有机肥的处理晚稻稻谷产量高于CK与NPK纯化肥处理。CK处理区优势种为野荸荠-节节菜-异型莎草-鸭舌草,NPK处理区优势种为双穗雀稗,NPK5/5和NPK3/7处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草,NPK7/3处理区优势种为双穗雀稗-鸭舌草-稗。主成分分析结果表明15个施肥处理小区的杂草群落可以分为三大类:第一类是CK处理;第二类是NPK3/7处理;第三类是NPK、NPK5/5、NPK7/3三个处理。主成分Factor 1与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著负相关(P0.01),与光照透过率呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。典范对应分析结果显示,节节菜、野荸荠与牛毛毡比较适宜生长在CK处理区,双穗雀稗适宜在NPK7/3处理区生长,鸭舌草、陌上菜以及四叶萍适宜生长在NPK3/7处理区。有机肥处理区的物种丰富度与物种多样性指数处于NPK与CK之间,且随着有机肥比例的增加物种数增加。物种丰富度以及物种多样性指数与有机质、碱解氮以及有效磷呈极显著正的"U型"相关(P0.01),与速效钾呈显著负相关(P0.05),与群落光照条件呈极显著正相关(P0.01)。【结论】晚稻田杂草群落特征与土壤有机质、碱解氮、有效磷含量以及地表光照透过率关系密切。均衡施用有机和无机肥可以显著降低杂草群落的优势种数量,将杂草群落的优势种数量以及生物多样性维持在不施肥与纯施化肥处理区之间。因此,可以通过调整有机肥的施用量来调控农田杂草生长及群落特性,实现农田杂草的科学综合管理。综合考虑晚稻稻谷产量和杂草群落生物多样性状况,NPK3/7(化肥30%+有机肥70%)施肥模式既可以保证作物的优质高产,也可以较好地维持杂草群落的生物多样性。     

Using compiled species lists to make biodiversity comparisons among regions: A test case using Oregon butterflies

We explore two methods that correct for differential sampling effort when estimating the true number of species in a region based on samples such as those typically recorded in museum or conservation databases. The two methods are: (1) a phenomenological model that relies on a saturating sampling curve; and (2) a model based on a lognormal distribution of species abundances. We test these methods using a database for the butterflies of Oregon and find that the distribution of high-diversity areas, using the estimated, or “asymptotic”, diversities, is strikingly different from the geographic pattern one would deduce if the raw data were used, without correcting for differential sampling effort. Further, we show that differences in accuracy exist between the two estimation procedures, and that these differences are aggravated at small sample sizes; we argue that estimates based on the lognormal distribution should be preferred because they can offer substantial improvement over analyses based solely on the raw data, generally without risking overestimation. Lastly, using both the database and estimated values of butterfly diversity, we show that the distribution of endangered and numerically rare butterflies rarely coincides with “hotspots” or centers of biodiversity. Thus, protecting regions of Oregon rich in overall butterfly diversity will not normally protect the bulk of rare or endangered butterfly species.     

鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性及其保护对策

鄱阳湖是我国最大的淡水湖泊,湖区湿地面积2698km2,是我国湿地生态系统中生物资源最丰富的地区之一。长期以来由于人类不合理的开发利用,导致了鄱阳湖湿地面积和景观结构发生了很大变化,湿地生态功能也遭到严重破坏,生物多样性不断减少。分析了鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性现状、及其面临的威胁,并提出了鄱阳湖湿地生物多样性保护及其可持续利用的主要对策。