Do environmental diversity approaches lead to improved site selection? A comparison with the multi-species approach

This paper suggests a new approach to select conservation areas cost-effectively according to the concept of complementarity and representation of focal natural features. The suggested environmental diversity (ED) site selection model maximizes ecological diversity, measured via ordination of the chosen taxa communities. Given their fundamental role in ecosystem functioning, vascular plants are chosen as the indicator taxa. We test the ED indicator model by contrasting it to the conventional site selection indicator (MS model), which maximizes the representation of species number in the indicator taxa. We demonstrate that the ED model is more cost-effective than the MS model. More importantly, while the ED selection is operative over the whole range of species, the MS selection does not work beyond the range of species, where all vascular plants become protected. Beyond that point MS indicator model cannot guide conservation efforts, which is a serious drawback. The ED model outperforms MS model also in terms of habitat conservation and taxonomic diversity. Thus, it provides an interesting selection framework for biodiversity.     

奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断新指标研究进展

乳房炎是造成奶牛业损失最严重的传染性疾病。目前应用于奶牛隐性乳房炎诊断的常用方法有加州乳房炎试验(CMT),乳汁体细胞计数(SCC)等,但在常规使用中都存在一定的局限性。奶牛乳汁中一些酶活性和急性期蛋白量的变化是监测隐性乳房炎很有价值的指标,可用于泌乳早期感染乳区的检测和选择感染奶牛进行干乳期治疗。结合珠蛋白(HP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)是奶牛最为敏感的急性期蛋白,它们在急性炎症时大量增加。概述了乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、N-乙酰基--βD-氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAGase)、乳过氧化物酶(LP)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、结合珠蛋白(HP)和血清淀粉样蛋白A(SAA)等指标在奶牛乳房炎诊断中的应用研究进展。     

我国沿海渔业的社会经济效应指标体系研究

沿海地区在我国渔业中具有举足轻重的作用,但近年来渔业资源的过度开发,导致渔业生态污染日益严重,渔业资源持续衰退,海洋生态环境问题日渐突出。为了实现渔业的可持续发展,目前沿海地区都在进行渔业的产业结构调整。鉴于此探讨了渔业社会经济效应指标体系。     

不同收粪方法对测定畜禽营养物质消化率的影响

为确定不同收粪方法对畜禽营养物质消化率（或代谢率）的影响。本研究通过对前人不同收粪方法和粪便不同处理方法的比较分析,探讨不同方法的优势与不足,明确不同方法间的联系与不同,为消化代谢试验的精确性提供依据。结果表明：全收粪法能准确的测定畜禽消化率,但应用起来受到诸多条件限制,为简化全收粪法人们采用了指示剂法;指示剂法能大大缩小工作量,应用起来简洁方便,但测定结果有一定偏差。     

皖西北地区春季暴雨的特征分析

该文选取了皖西北地区2000-2012年的10次春季暴雨过程,针对春季暴雨的环流特征、影响系统以及物理量特征进行了分析总结,得到了皖西北地区春季暴雨的典型概念模型和物理量指标,以期能为今后的春季暴雨预报提供参考。     

学术期刊质量评价指标透视

学术期刊质量评价涌现出多种指标,通过分析目前学术期刊评价指标中的影响因子、SJR指数、期刊H指数、特征因子的相关原理,讨论了这些指标之间的关系,文章的结论：每个指标既有优点,又有缺陷,无法以一种指标为主导,可组合使用,并作为学术同行定性评价的参考依据。     

区域生态认证指标体系的构建

区域生态认证(REC)指标体系的构建可以参照清洁发展机制方法学, 由REC申请人按照一定的规则设计并进行检验。REC体系的生态-技术-经济指标就是REC根据可持续的经济系统对资源需求的正反馈过程, 通过选择生态指标、技术指标和经济指标作为审核指标, 并使3类指标之间满足一定耦合关系而形成的认证指标结构体系。对所选指标项可运用多元回归分析方法进行检验, 对所设定的标准值可应用区域生态足迹的Logistic方程进行检验。     

A methodology for multi-objective cropping system design based on simulations. Application to weed management

Weeds are harmful for crop production but important for biodiversity. In order to design cropping systems that reconcile crop production and biodiversity, we need tools and methods to help farmers to deal with this issue. Here, we developed a novel method for multi-objective cropping system design aimed at scientists and technical institutes, combining a cropping system database, decision trees, the “virtual field” model FlorSys and indicators translating simulated weed floras into scores in terms of weed harmfulness (e.g. crop yield loss, weed-borne parasite risk, field infestation), weed-mediated biodiversity (e.g. food offer for bees) and herbicide use intensity. 255 existing cropping systems were simulated with FlorSys, individual indicator values were aggregated into a multi-performance score, and decision trees were built to identify combinations of management practices and probabilities for reaching performance goals. These trees are used to identify the characteristics of existing cropping systems that must be changed to achieve the chosen performance goals, depending on the user's risk strategy. Alternative systems are built and simulated with FlorSys to evaluate their multi-criteria performance. The method was applied to an existing oilseed rape/wheat/barley rotation with yearly mouldboard ploughing from Burgundy which was improved to reconcile weed harmfulness control, reduced herbicide use and biodiversity promotion, based on a risk-minimizing strategy. The best alternative replaced a herbicide entering plants via shoot tips (during emergence) and roots after barley sowing by a spring herbicide entering via leaves, introduced crop residue shredding before cereals and rolled the soil at sowing, which reduced the risk of unacceptable performance from 90% to 40%. When attempting to reconcile harmfulness control and reduced herbicide use, the best alternative changed the rotation to oilseed rape/wheat/spring pea/wheat, replaced one herbicide in oilseed rape by mechanical weeding, delayed tillage before rape and applied the PRE herbicide before oilseed rape closer to sowing. This option reduced the risk of unacceptable performance to 30%. None of the initial or alternative cropping systems succeeded in optimal performance, indicating that more diverse cropping systems with innovative management techniques and innovative combinations of techniques are needed to build the decision trees. This approach can be used in workshops with extension services and farmers in order to design cropping systems. Compared to expert-based design, it has the advantage to go beyond well-known options (e.g. plough before risky crops) to identify unconventional options, with a particular focus on interactions between cultural techniques.