氯碘羟喹对铅暴露致大鼠海马铜相关蛋白损伤的修复作用研究

目的探讨氯碘羟喹(CQ)对铅暴露大鼠脑组织中铜相关蛋白变化的影响,为铅中毒的修复提供理论依据。方法50只雄性SD大鼠随机分为对照组、CQ组、铅暴露组、铅+CQ组及铅+CQ+VB_(12)组,每组10只。对照组和CQ组大鼠饮用0.03%乙酸钠饮水,其余3组大鼠饮用0.03%乙酸铅饮水,共9周;之后CQ组、铅+CQ组和铅+CQ+VB_(12)组大鼠腹腔注射CQ(30 mg/kg)1周。用Morris水迷宫实验检测大鼠神经行为变化,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定海马中铅和铜水平,用ELISA方法检测铜相关蛋白表达,以HE染色观察海马的病理改变。结果与对照组比较,铅暴露组大鼠第3天的定位航行时间延长,穿台次数减少;海马中铅和铜含量增加,铜锌超氧化物歧化酶(Cu/Zn SOD)和铜蓝蛋白(CP)活力下降,铜伴侣蛋白(CCS、ATOX1、COX17)表达下降,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05);铅暴露大鼠海马的神经元细胞深染,细胞质凝胶。与铅暴露组比较,铅+CQ组大鼠第3天的定位航行时间、穿台次数无明显变化(P0.05);大鼠海马中铅含量下降,差异有统计学意义(P0.05),而铜含量无明显变化(P0.05)。与铅暴露组比较,铅+CQ+VB_(12)组大鼠第3天的定位航行时间明显缩短,穿台次数增加,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);海马中铅和铜含量分别比铅暴露组下降55.94%和11.29%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。铅+CQ组和铅+CQ+VB_(12)组大鼠海马中CP活力均高于铅暴露组,铅+CQ+VB_(12)组CCS蛋白表达水平高于铅暴露组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。HE染色表明,CQ注射后铅暴露组大鼠海马中深染细胞减少。结论 CQ能够改善大鼠认知功能,这可能与改变某些铜相关蛋白的表达有关,提示CQ可用于修复铅中毒导致的神经损伤。     

手术创伤对老龄大鼠认知功能及海马铁调素和膜铁转运蛋白1表达的影响

目的 评价手术创伤对老龄大鼠认知功能及海马铁调素和膜铁转运蛋白1(FP1)表达的影响.方法 健康老龄雄性SD大鼠100只,18月龄,体重400～ 500 g,采用随机数字表法,将其分为2组(n=50):对照组(C组)腹腔注射水合氯醛麻醉,但不进行手术；手术创伤组(ST组)腹腔注射水合氯醛麻醉后行改良性剖腹探查术30 min.于术后24h时随机取10只大鼠,行水迷宫实验,测定认知功能,持续6d,分别于水迷宫实验第1、3、5、7天时随机取10只大鼠处死,取脑,分离海马,采用PCR和Western blot法检测海马铁调素和FP1的表达.结果 与C组比较,ST组水迷宫实验第3、4、5天时大鼠逃避潜伏期延长,原平台象限停留时间缩短,穿越原平台次数减少(P＜0.05),各时点海马铁调素表达上调,FP1表达下调(P＜0.05).结论 手术创伤可降低老龄大鼠认知功能,其机制可能与上调海马铁调素表达,下调FP1表达有关.     

Complete,bilateral hippocampal ischemia: a case series

ABSTRACT

Acute and complete ischemia of the hippocampi represents a rare cause of amnesia. This paper describes the features of four such cases presenting to a single tertiary care center over a 3-year period. Interestingly, in three instances, toxicology screening was positive for opioids at the time of presentation, while in the fourth, there was a known, reportedly remote, history of heroin use. Taken together with the known literature on the topic, complete hippocampal ischemia appears at least highly suggestive of a toxic exposure. Further case finding is necessary to better understand the etiology, nature, and prevalence of this unusual clinico-radiologic entity.     

母源性BDE-209暴露对仔鼠海马一氧化氮神经递质的影响

目的从一氧化氮神经递质角度探讨母源性BDE-209损伤仔鼠神经系统的可能机制。方法 3月龄wistar雌鼠自确定交配成功后随机分为实验组A、B、C、D和对照组E,通过胃灌方法建立自妊娠期至哺乳期的不同剂量BDE-209(100、300、600、1200mg/kg/d)的暴露模型,21天仔鼠断乳后各组随机选取10只仔鼠作为研究对象,应用光电比色法和放射免疫法分别测定各组仔鼠海马组织中一氧化氮(NO)含量、神经元型一氧化氮合成酶(nNOS)活性、环鸟苷酸(cGMP)含量。结果与对照组E相比,C、D组NO含量和nNOS活性明显增加(P<0.05);B、C、D组cGMP含量明显升高(P<0.05)。结论一定剂量的母源性BDE-209可能通过影响仔鼠NO神经信号递质系统影响其神经认知功能。     

丁基苯酞对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马区NO表达的影响

目的研究丁基苯肽对慢性脑缺血大鼠海马区一氧化氮（NO）表达的影响。方法 80只大鼠随机分为假手术组、模型组、预处理组、处理组。根据硝酸还原酶法和β-NADPH组织化学染色法,又将每个小组分为两个亚组。模型组、预处理组和处理组利用双侧颈总动脉永久结扎术制备动物模型,假手术组不结扎双侧颈总动脉。预处理组在造模前及造模后均给予丁基苯酞,处理组在造模后给予丁基苯酞,假手术组和模型组在造模后给予同等剂量的生理盐水,4组分别在造模后1个月处死大鼠取材。用硝酸还原酶特异性还原NO产物的方法测定大鼠前脑缺血模型中海马NO释放量的异常变化。β-NAD-PH组织化学染色显示一氧化氮合酶（NOS）阳性神经元,光镜下观察。结果模型组、预处理组及处理组海马区NO、NOS阳性神经元数目与假手术组相比均有明显增加。与模型组相比,预处理组和处理组海马区NO、NOS阳性神经元数目减少。与处理组相比,预处理组海马区NO、NOS阳性神经元数目减少更明显。结论慢性脑缺血缺氧能使大鼠海马区NO含量明显增加,丁基苯肽（NBP）能减轻这种变化。     

Connecting the dots: an association between opioids and acute hippocampal injury

Acute hippocampal injury represents a relatively rare cause of amnesia. Interestingly however, between 2012 and 2017, 18 patients were reported at hospitals in Massachusetts with sudden-onset amnesia in the setting of complete diffusion-weighted hyperintensity of both hippocampi on magnetic resonance imaging. Notably, 17 of the 18 patients tested positive for opioids or had a recorded history of opioid use. This observation suggests an association between opioids and acute hippocampal injury. With particular attention to the Massachusetts cluster and data on fentanyl and its congeners, the epidemiological and pathophysiological evidence that supports this hypothesis is presented, as are potential underlying mechanisms.     

Enriched environment has limited capacity for the correction of hippocampal memory-dependent schizoid behaviors in rats with early postnatal NMDAR dysfunction

Pre- and early postnatal stress can cause dysfunction of the N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) and thereby promote the development of hippocampus memory-dependent schizoid abnormalities of navigation in space, time, and knowledge. An enriched environment improves mental abilities in humans and animals. Whether an enriched environment can prevent the development of schizoid symptoms induced by neonatal NMDAR dysfunction was the central question of our paper. The experimental animals were Wistar rats. Early postnatal NMDAR dysfunction was created by systemic treatment of rat pups with the NMDAR antagonist MK-801 at PD10–20 days. During the development period (PD21–90 days), the rats were reared in cognitively and physically enriched cages. Adult age rats were tested on navigation based on pattern separation and episodic memory in the open field and on auto-hetero-associations based on episodic and semantic memory in a step-through passive avoidance task. The results showed that postnatal NMDAR antagonism caused abnormal behaviors in both tests. An enriched environment prevented deficits in the development of navigation in space based on pattern separation and hetero-associations based on semantic memory. However, an enriched environment was unable to rescue navigation in space and auto-associations based on episodic memory. These data may contribute to the understanding that an enriched environment has a limited capacity for therapeutic interventions in protecting the development of schizoid syndromes in children and adolescents.     

Spatial learning in a virtual reality-based task is altered in very preterm children

Very preterm births prevent a complete development of the nervous system. The hippocampus is especially vulnerable in this population since the perinatal period is critical for its growth and development. Learning and memory abilities, like spatial memory, depend on the hippocampal integrity. In this study we applied virtual-reality-based tasks to assess spatial memory in a sample of 20 very preterm children of 7 and 8 years of age. Two different conditions of difficulty were used. Very preterm children performed poorly in the task in comparison with the control group. They committed more errors than controls searching for the rewarded positions. However, no significant differences were observed in the mean speed, an index of the motor abilities and joystick handling. These results suggest that the hippocampal function is affected in this sample. Nevertheless, other variables to consider are discussed.     

Cocaine facilitates protein synthesis-dependent LTP: The role of metabotropic glutamate receptors

Cocaine addiction alters synaptic plasticity in many brain areas involved in learning and memory processes, including the hippocampus. Long-term potentiation (LTP) is one of the best studied examples of hippocampal synaptic plasticity and it is considered as one of the molecular basis of learning and memory. We previously demonstrated that in the presence of cocaine, a long lasting form of hippocampal LTP is induced by a single pulse of high frequency stimulation, which in normal conditions evokes only an early form of LTP. In this study, we further explore the molecular basis of this modulation of synaptic plasticity by cocaine. By performing pharmacological experiments on hippocampal slices, we were able to show that cocaine converts early LTP to a form of LTP dependent on protein synthesis, probably through the cAMP-dependent protein kinase and extracellular signal-regulated kinase signaling cascades. We also found that metabotropic glutamate receptors are involved in this phenomenon. These studies further clarify the molecular machinery used by cocaine to alter synaptic plasticity and modulate learning and memory processes.     

Influenza-associated global amnesia and hippocampal imaging abnormality

The acute phase of influenza infection is rarely associated with significant cognitive dysfunction. We describe a case of a 24 year-old man who developed global amnesia in the acute phase of influenza A infection. His deficits resolved over the course of several weeks. Transient abnormalities of diffusion and T2-weighted imaging were seen in the bilateral hippocampi. We review cerebral complications of influenza and discuss the possible role of previously proposed mechanisms in our patient’s case.