The somatostatin sst1 receptor: an autoreceptor for somatostatin in brain and retina?

The sst₁ receptor was the first of the 5 somatostatin receptors to be cloned by homology with the glucagon receptor 13 years ago. It is a 7-transmembrane domain G-protein-coupled receptor that is negatively coupled to adenylyl cyclase, but can also trigger other transduction pathways. The distribution of sst₁ mRNA, immunolabeling, and radioligand binding are not entirely overlapping, but the recent availability of knockout (KO) mice and a (still limited) number of selective agonists/antagonists has increased our knowledge about this receptor. These new tools have helped to reveal a role for the sst₁ receptor in hippocampal, hypothalamic, basal ganglia, and retinal functions. In at least the latter 3 structures, the sst₁ receptor appears to act as an inhibitory autoreceptor located on somatostatin neurons, whereas in the hippocampus such a role is still based on circumstantial evidence.     

Bimanual Recoupling by Visual Cueing in Callosal Disconnection

Abstract

The cerebral control of bimanual movements is not completely understood. We investigated a 59-year-old, right-handed man who presented with an acute bimanual coordination deficit. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a lesion involving the entire corpus callosum, which was found on stereotactic biopsy to be an ischemic infarct. Paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation indicated that the patient had a lack of interhemispheric inhibition, while intracortical inhibition in motor cortex of either side was normal. Functional magnetic resonance imaging showed activation of the left SMA, the bilateral motor cortex and anterior cerebellum during spontaneous bimanual thumb-index oppositions, which were uncoupled as evident from simultaneous electromyographic recordings. In contrast, when the bimanual thumb-index oppositions were cued by a visual stimulus, the movements of both hands were tightly correlated. This synchronized activity was accompanied by additional activations bilateral in lateral occipital cortex, dorsal premotor cortex and cerebellum. The data suggest that the visually cued movements of both hands were recoupled by action of a bihemispheric motor network.     

脑缺血后髓鞘基因表达变化的规律

目的 从髓鞘碱性蛋白（MBP）mRNA、髓鞘少突胶质糖蛋白（MOG）mRNA等髓鞘基因表达的角度，探讨脑缺血大鼠髓鞘损伤的变化规律。方法 采用SD大鼠四血管闭塞急性全脑缺血模型，随机分为2d、4d、7d、14d和28d五个时间点及假手术组，每组8只；用逆转录聚合酶链式反应（RT-PCR）观察海马组织中MBPmRNA、MOGmRNA表达的变化。结果 脑缺血后2d海马组织中MBPmRNA、MOGmRNA表达水平即已降低，至7d时降低显著，并持续至28d时达到高峰。与假手术组比较，大鼠海马组织内MBPmRNA、MOGmRNA表达于再灌流后7d、14d、28d差异具有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。结论 随着脑缺血-再灌流时间延长，大鼠海马组织MBPmRNA、MOGmRNA表达逐渐降低，呈现时间依赖性。     

男性痛风合并轻度认知功能障碍患者海马MR扩散张量成像的定量分析

目的 探讨海马区DTI在男性痛风合并轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)患者中的应用价值。方法 病例组纳入男性痛风患者35例,其中痛风合并MCI(gout-MCI)亚组15例,痛风合并认知功能正常(gout-CN)亚组20例,记录病例组患者最高血尿酸水平及近5年平均血尿酸水平。另选取15名健康志愿者作为正常对照组。对所有受检者行简明精神状态检查量表(MMSE)及蒙特利尔认知评估量表(MoCA)评分后,行常规颅脑MR和DTI检查,测量并记录FA、ADC值,并进行统计学分析。结果 gout-MCI亚组患者近5年平均血尿酸水平低于gout-CN组患者(P<0.05)。gout-MCI亚组患者海马FA值低于gout-CN亚组及正常对照组(P<0.05),gout-MCI亚组患者海马ADC值高于gout-CN组及正常对照组(P<0.05)。gout-CN亚组患者海马FA值、ADC值与正常对照组差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。gout-MCI亚组患者海马FA值与MoCA评分呈正相关(P<0.05),与MMSE评分无相关性,右侧海马ADC值与MoCA评分呈负相关(P=0.04)。结论 颅脑DTI技术可早期检测痛风合并MCI患者双侧海马的损伤。     

不同声压级次声对大鼠海马细胞凋亡的影响

目的　探讨 8Hz ,90dB/13 0dB次声作用对海马细胞凋亡的影响。方法　将雄性SD大鼠 88只随机分为 11个组 ,即对照组、90dB次声作用 1d组、7d组、14d组、2 1d组及 2 8d组 ,13 0dB次声作用 1d组、7d组、14d组、2 1d组及 2 8d组 ,每组 8只。采用细胞分离技术、荧光染色和流式细胞仪观察大鼠脑海马细胞凋亡率。结果　与对照组比较 ,90dB/1d组、13 0dB/1d组、13 0dB/7d组次声作用后 ,海马细胞未显示凋亡率增高 (P >0 .0 5 ) ;90dB/7d组、90dB/14d组、90dB/2 1d组、13 0dB/14d组、13 0dB/2 1d组次声作用后 ,海马细胞凋亡率显著增高 (P <0 .0 1,P <0 .0 5 ) ,90dB/2 1d组比 90dB/14d组明显回落 (P <0 .0 1) ,但仍高于对照组 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,90dB/14d组海马细胞凋亡率达到高峰 (P <0 .0 1) ,90dB/2 8d组及 13 0dB/2 8d组与对照组相比 ,差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。结论　 8Hz ,90dB/13 0dB次声作用一定时间后 ,均可导致海马细胞凋亡数量显著增高 ,尤以 90dB/14d组效应最强 ;8Hz ,90dB/13 0dB次声作用对大鼠海马细胞具有损伤效应。随作用时间延长 ,海马细胞对 8Hz ,90dB/13 0dB次声作用均可产生适应性。     

Nobiletin对慢性低灌注损伤后小鼠脑海马神经血管单元的影响

目的观察川陈皮素(NOB)对小鼠慢性脑低灌注(CCH)模型海马区神经血管单元各主要组分的保护作用。方法昆明小鼠随机分为对照组、模型组和NOB高、低剂量处理组各10只,模型组和NOB处理组进行双侧颈总动脉结扎,对照组不结扎。术后2 w进行旷场实验及Y迷宫检测学习记忆功能,Western印迹法测定小鼠海马区神经元生长相关蛋白(GAP)-43、突触素(SYN)、水通道蛋白(AQP)4表达,检测海马神经细胞可塑性及血脑屏障功能。结果与模型组相比,NOB处理组自由活动无显著差异,其中高剂量组探索能力显著增强,逃避潜伏期显著减短(P<0.05);NOB处理组均显著增加海马区GAP-43、SYN、AQP4及Claudin-5表达(P<0.05)。结论NOB可通过对海马的神经血管单元各组分的保护作用,改善CCH所致小鼠学习记忆功能受损。     

氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马GFAP、NeuN表达的影响

目的探讨氟西汀对癫痫合并抑郁大鼠海马齿状回胶质纤维酸性蛋白(GFAP)、神经元核抗原(NeuN)表达的影响。方法SPF级SD大鼠60只,随机分为对照组、模型组、氟西汀低、中、高剂量组各12只。模型组和对照组给予等剂量生理盐水,1次/d,腹腔注射;氟西汀低、中、高剂量组给予氟西汀(5.0、7.5、10.0 mg/kg),1次/d,腹腔注射。治疗28 d,采用强迫游泳实验和旷场实验测试大鼠行为学表现,采用免疫组化、RT-PCR检测海马GFAP、NeuN表达。结果造模后,与对照组相比,模型组、氟西汀低、中、高剂量组不动时间延长,垂直运动次数、水平运动次数明显下降(P<0.05)。干预后,模型组不动时间明显长于对照组,垂直运动次数、水平运动次数明显低于对照组(P<0.01);与模型组相比,氟西汀低、中、高剂量组不动时间缩短,垂直运动次数、水平运动次数明显增加(P<0.05);尤其是氟西汀高剂量组,较氟西汀低、中剂量组相比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。免疫组化、RT-PCR显示,与对照组相比,模型组GFAP表达明显增加、NeuN表达明显下降(P<0.05);与模型组相比,氟西汀低、中、高剂量组GFAP表达明显下降、NeuN表达明显增加(P<0.05);尤其是氟西汀高剂量组,较氟西汀低、中剂量组相比有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论氟西汀可能通过改变海马区GFAP、NeuN表达,并呈剂量依赖性,发挥神经保护作用,改善癫痫合并抑郁大鼠抑郁症状。     

5.8 GHz射频辐射对大鼠学习记忆和海马神经元突触可塑性的影响

目的 探讨5.8 GHz射频辐射（radiofrequency,RF）暴露对大鼠学习记忆和海马神经元突触可塑性的影响,为科学评价5.8 GHz RF的潜在健康危害提供理论和实验参考。方法 56只健康成年雄性Sprague-Dawley大鼠按随机数表法分为假暴露组（Sham）和射频暴露组（RF）,每组28只,RF组每天暴露1 h,连续暴露15 d或30 d,频率为5.8 GHz,全身比吸收率为1.15 W/kg。采用Morris水迷宫检测大鼠学习记忆能力;Nissl染色观察大鼠海马组织结构及神经元数量;Golgi染色观察大鼠海马CA1区树突棘密度;Western blot检测海马组织内突触后致密蛋白PSD95、突触小泡蛋白Synaptophysin的水平;液相色谱-质谱联用仪检测海马组织内神经递质含量。结果 Morris水迷宫实验中,RF暴露15和30 d,Sham组与RF组大鼠的逃逸潜伏期、穿越平台次数、目标象限停留时间百分比及首次到达平台的潜伏期差异均无统计学意义（P>0.05）;Sham组和RF组海马区组织结构与神经元数量、CA1区树突棘密度（顶树突棘密度：15 d分别为5.10±0.20、4.89±0.24,30 d分别为4.58±0.27、4.49±0.24;基树突棘密度：15 d分别为4.81±0.17、4.79±0.34,30 d分别为4.20±0.27、4.22±0.17）、海马组织内PSD95及Synaptophysin表达水平及海马组织内多种神经递质含量均无明显变化（P>0.05）。结论 本实验条件下的5.8 GHz RF暴露对雄性大鼠空间学习记忆及海马神经元突触可塑性无影响。     

Neuroplasticity-related correlates of environmental enrichment combined with physical activity differ between the sexes

Environmental enrichment (EE), comprising positive physical (exercise) and cognitive stimuli, influences neuronal structure and usually improves brain function. The promise of EE as a preventative strategy against neuropsychiatric disease is especially high during early postnatal development when the brain is still amenable to reorganization. Despite the fact that male and female brains differ in terms of connectivity and function that may reflect early life experiences, knowledge of the neural substrates and mechanisms by which such changes arise remains limited. This study compared the impact of EE combined with physical activity on neuroplasticity and its functional consequences in adult male and female rats; EE was provided during the first 3 months of life and our analysis focused on the hippocampus, an area implicated in cognitive behavior as well as the neuroendocrine response to stress. Both male and female rats reared in EE displayed better object recognition memory than their control counterparts. Interestingly, sex differences were revealed in the effects of EE on time spent exploring the objects during this test. Independently of sex, EE increased hippocampal turnover rates of dopamine and serotonin and reduced expression of 5-HT_1A receptors; in addition, EE upregulated expression of synaptophysin, a presynaptic protein, in the hippocampus. As compared to their respective controls, EE-exposed males exhibited parallel increases in phosphorylated Tau and the GluN2B receptor, whereas females responded to EE with reduced hippocampal levels of glutamate and GluN2B. Together, these observations provide further evidence on the differential effects of EE on markers of hippocampal neuroplasticity in males and females.