Analyzing Event-Related Potentials: The Utility of High and Low Pass Filtering in Improving the Relationship Between Various Amplitude Measures and Principal Components Analysis Factor Scores

The present investigation sought to determine whether the relationship between event-related potential (ERP) principal components analysis (PCA) factor scores and analogous waveform amplitude measures could be improved by high- and low-pass filtering the waveforms at a suitable cutoff value. Visual oddball ERPs were submitted to a varimax-rotated PCA performed on the variance/covariance matrix. Principal components corresponding to P300 and Slow Wave were obtained. In keeping with the fact that the variance/covariance PCA analyzes sources of variance around the grand mean waveform, the grand mean waveform was subtracted from each of the original waveforms, and baseline-referenced amplitude measurements were then made of P300 and Slow Wave. P300 was measured both as the maximum positive peak between 275 and 425 ms, and as the average amplitude during that interval. Slow Wave was measured as the average amplitude during the interval 400–700 ms. The P300 measurements were then repeated after high-pass filtering the difference waveforms at 2 Hz. Slow Wave measurements were repeated after low-pass filtering at 2 Hz. The value of 2 Hz was chosen as giving a reasonable cutoff based upon estimates of the wavelengths of the two components derived from inspection of their respective factor loading vectors. The correlation between factor scores and amplitude measurements was .94 for unfiltered Slow Wave and actually declined slightly but significantly to .91 when the waveforms were low-pass filtered. It would appear that Slow Wave factor scores emerging from a PCA can be fairly well approximated by a time-band measurement algorithm, and that this approximation is not improved by low-pass filtering. For both filtered and unfiltered measurements of P300, the amplitude/factor score correlation was significantly higher for the time-band method than for the peak method. Further, high-pass filtering at 2 Hz improved the time-band/factor score correlation significantly from .62 to .75. This improvement is probably because the unfiltered measurements were tapping sources of variance due both to the higher frequency P300 component as well as a simultaneously active, lower frequency Slow Wave component. Theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.     

Analysis of fMRI data by blind separation of data in a tiny spatial domain into independent temporal component

Independent Component Analysis (ICA) is a promising tool for the analysis of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) time series. In these studies, mostly assumed is a spatially independent component map of fMRI data (spatial ICA). In this paper, we assume that the temporal courses of the signal and noises are independent within a Tiny spatial domain (temporal ICA). Then with fast-ICA algorithm, spatially neighboring fMRI data were blindly separated into several temporal courses and were preassumed to be formed by a signal time course and several noise time courses where the signal has the largest correlation coefficient with the reference signal. The final functional imaging was completed for the signals obtained from each voxel. Simulations showed that compared with the spatial ICA method, the new temporal ICA method is more effective than the spatial ICA in detecting weak signal in a fMRI dataset. As background noise, the simulations include simulated Gaussian noise and fMRI data without stimulation. Finally, vivo fMRI tests showed that the excited areas evoked by a visual stimuli are mainly in the region of the primary visual cortex and that evoked by auditory stimuli are mainly in the region of the primary temporal cortex.     

类金刚石薄膜的碳相成分对其血小板黏附特性的影响

对不同工艺和条件制备的 7个类金刚石薄膜 (Diamondlikecarbon ,DLC)试样 ,经X光电子能谱 (XPS)碳相成分分析后 ,分别进行了血小板黏附实验、黏附血小板的形貌观察、分类计数和形态指数计算 ,并通过灰色关联分析 ,研究了碳相成分对血小板黏附量、黏附血小板的形态指数的影响。结果显示 :来自全方位离子注入离子束增强沉积工艺的DLC ,其血小板黏附量和形态指数明显小于等离子体化学气相沉积工艺制备的样品 ;在DLC的 5种碳相成分中 ,DLC碳相与血小板黏附量和形态指数的 (负 )关联度远大于其它碳相成分 ,除此之外只有C H和C O碳相与血小板形态指数的 (正 )关联度较大。表明 :(1)DLC碳相对血小板黏附的影响远较其它碳相成分为大 ,增加DLC碳相的含量是优化DLC血液相容性的关键所在 ;(2 )C H和C O碳相对黏附血小板的变形有促进作用 ,须从工艺上抑制其产生或尽可能降低其含量 ;(3)采用全方位离子注入离子束增强沉积工艺有助于改善DLC的血液相容性。这些结论对设计与改进DLC的制备工艺具有重要的指导意义。     

The role of surgery in transmitting ≪ post-transfusion hepatitis ≫

The role of surgery as an additional risk in transmitting post-transfusion hepatitis was investigated in a retrospective study on acute hepatitis occurring in 77 transfused patients, 293 transfused and operated patients and 243 hepatitis cases with history of surgery without transfusion.Hepatitis A patients admitted to the same centres in the same period were utilized as controls. In transfused patients the percentage of NANB hepatitis was higher than that of type B (61.0% vs. 36.4%), while in the operated not transfused group the percentage of type B was twice that of type NANB (63.4% vs. 32.5%).In transfused and operated cases intermediate values were observed. The age-adjusted measures of association between exposures and the different hepatitis types showed a lack of effect of transfusion and a dominant role of surgery in transmitting type B hepatitis. In contrast, NANB post-transfusional cases were actually a mixture of post-transfusional and post-surgical cases, since both these exposures were found to be significantly associated with the disease.Our results suggest that studies on the incidence and the etiology of post-transfusion hepatitis should take into account the risk of surgical exposure which might have occurred.Corresponding author.     

病例组合指数的内涵及应用探讨

国内普遍认为病例组合指数(CMI)属于医疗服务能力维度,体现收治疾病的疑难复杂程度和医疗服务的整体技术难度。通过结构方程模型分析发现,CMI与时间消耗指数、费用消耗指数等服务效率维度指标联系更紧密,与DRG组数、入组病例数及总权重等服务能力维度指标联系相对较弱,故应归属医疗服务效率维度。CMI的直接应用主要是对平均住院费用的预测控制及对科室绩效的评价;CMI的间接应用主要是对管理指标的调整/校正。医院管理者应准确把握CMI内涵,恰当应用CMI对不同层级及不同类别住院费用进行预测、评价与控制,并对其他管理指标进行调整后再评价。     

医院绩效管理政策文本量化分析

目的对中央政府层面出台的公立医院绩效管理相关政策文件进行分析,为优化政策体系提供参考。方法访问北大法宝网、国务院及相关部委官方网站,检索2009年1月1日-2021年7月21 日医院绩效管理相关政策文件,基于政策工具理论,构建医院绩效管理政策工具分析框架,采用内容分析法对政策文本进行量化分析。结果共纳入政策文件31份,归纳整理出供给型、需求型和环境型3个类别 22 种政策工具。供给型政策工具占 43.40%,需求型政策工具占 19.25%,环境型政策工具占 37.35%。政策条款频数较高的分别是“分级诊疗”“目标规划”及“收入分配”。结论政策工具要注重结构均衡性,坚持以人民健康为目标导向,强化需求方对医院绩效的影响力;关注医院绩效考核,促进区域医疗服务能力提升;强化政策执行力度,充分发挥政策叠加效应。     

患者知情同意权代为行使的案例分析及启示

以医疗典型纠纷案例为例,通过厘清相关法律对患者知情同意权行使及代为行使的相关规定,探讨知情同意权代为行使行为的界定。启示如下:知情同意权代为行使应设前置条件进行限制和约束;代为行使主体包括近亲属或关系人、委托代理人;患者本人意见具有首要优先性,委托代理人意见应优先于近亲属意见。     

34家医院医保精细化管理案例的定性比较

目的探究实现我国医院医保精细化管理的不同路径。方法采用模糊集定性比较分析方法（fsQCA）对34家医院医保精细化管理案例进行组态分析。结果路径一:组织建设+制度建设+创新模式建设（边缘条件）;路径二:制度建设+创新模式建设;路径三:组织建设+信息化建设;路径四:信息化建设+创新模式建设。结论我国医院医保精细化管理实现路径可分为传统驱动型、创新技术驱动型和综合驱动型3种模式。医院可多元性选择,进一步探索医保精细化管理的现实路径。     

及时开展新冠疫情防控与大规模核酸检测的卫生经济学评价

目的 对广州市于第二波新冠疫情及时开展疫情防控以及大规模核酸检测进行卫生经济学评价。方法 基于全社会角度,从相关部门及文献中收集数据,对广州市的所有常住居民构建改进SEIR模型,通过构建不同情景,分析真实世界情景及疫情防控措施分别推迟3天与7天的情景下的结果产出值,并对广州市四轮大规模核酸检测行成本效益分析。结果 真实世界情境下,本轮疫情的总经济负担约为344.02亿元人民币。与及时开展疫情防控措施相比,推迟3天开展疫情防控措施会带来1 391例累计确诊病例、43例死亡以及额外的141.91亿元人民币的经济负担。而推迟7天开展疫情防控措施会带来26 237例累计确诊病例、882例死亡以及额外的294.62亿元人民币的经济负担。四轮大规模核酸检测的净收益为221.82亿元人民币,效益成本比为24.23。结论 面对疫情时及时开展疫情防控措施能够极大地减少经济负担,且进行大规模核酸检测具有良好的经济性。     

2017-2018年我院中药饮片处方点评结果分析与干预

目的:通过对我院2017-2018年中药饮片处方点评结果的分析,找出中药饮片处方存在的问题,提出对策,以便提高处方质量,促进合理用药。方法:每月随机抽取五天中药饮片处方,每天20张,共100张,两年共2400张,按相关制度进行点评、分析与干预。结果:我院中药饮片不合格处方主要集中在临床诊断、特殊需求、用法用量书写不规范上,我院的干预措施效果明显,但处方合格率依然堪忧,需要引进智能化处方审核系统,进行处方审核事前干预。