新疆北部富蕴县埃达克岩的同位素年代学及其对古亚洲洋板块俯冲时限的制约

采用IA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年方法对分布于新疆北部富蕴县托让格库都克组中的埃达克岩进行了年代学研究.结果表明,以往被认为属早泥盆世的埃达克岩的形成年龄为441.3±1.8Ma,属早志留世.由于托让格库都克组中的埃达克岩被认为是由新生的古亚洲洋板块俯冲后部分熔融形成的,因此,埃达克岩的同位素年代学研究结果表明,新疆北部东准噶尔地区古亚洲洋的板块俯冲从早志留世就已经开始.这是首次采用精确的同位素定年手段确定的古亚洲洋板块俯冲作用开始的时间.具有十分重要的地质意义.     

北秦岭西段唐藏石英闪长岩岩体的形成时代及其地质意义

在对陕西宝鸡一带进行地质大调查时,发现北秦岭造山带西段的唐藏石英闪长岩体具有埃达克岩的特征。利用阴极发光、LA-ICPMS方法对唐藏石英闪长岩的单颗粒锆石进行了U-Pb测年,所选锆石晶体均呈长柱状,振荡环带发育,Th/U=0.33～1.10,为典型的岩浆成因锆石。测试的29个样品的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(454.0±1.7)Ma,各测点206Pb/238U表面年龄与加权平均年龄在误差范围内近于一致,因此,这一数值代表岩浆生成年龄。结合北秦岭造山带西段代表洋壳残片的关子镇、岩湾蛇绿(混杂)岩形成时代,说明早古生代古秦岭丹凤洋沿商丹带一线向北发生俯冲消减作用,(454.0±1.7)Ma可能代表俯冲消减的初始时期。研究结果为北秦岭早古生代造山作用过程、壳幔相互作用及大陆动力学的研究提供了重要的依据。     

Continuity of the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts, Central Orogenic System of China: Evidence from newly discovered Paleozoic adakitic rocks

Adakitic intrusive rocks of  430–450 Ma were discovered in the North Qilian orogenic belt, the western section of the Central Orogenic System (COS) in China. These adakitic rocks were lower crust melts rather than slab melts as indicated by their crustal Ce/Pb, Nb/U, Ti/Eu, and Nd/Sm ratios and radiogenically enriched (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7053–0.7066 and ε_Nd(t) of − 0.9 to − 1.7. While they are all characterized by low Yb (< 1.1 ppm) and Y (< 11.5 ppm) abundances with high Sr/Y (> 65) and (La/Yb)_N (> 13.7) ratios, these adakitic rocks are classified into the low-MgO–Ni–Cr and high-MgO–Ni–Cr groups. The low-MgO samples were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust, whereas the high-MgO samples were melts from delaminated lower crust, which subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite upon ascent. Adakitic rocks from the adjacent North Qinling orogenic belt also originated from thickened lower crust at  430 Ma. In addition, the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts both consist of lithological assemblages varying from subduction-accretionary complexes at south to central arc assemblages, which include adakitic rocks, then to backarc phases at north. Such a sequence reflects northward subduction of the Qilian and Qinling oceans. In these two orogenic belts, the occurrence of adakitic rocks of common origin and ages together with the similarities in tectonic configurations and lithological assemblages are considered to be the evidence for the continuity between eastern Qilian and western Qinling, forming a > 1000 km Early Paleozoic orogenic belt. In such a tectonic configuration, the Qilian and Qinling oceans that subducted from south possibly represent parts of the large “Proto-Tethyan Ocean”. This inference is supported by the coexistence of Early Paleozoic coral and trilobite specimens from Asia, America and Australia in the North Qilian orogenic belt. Post-400 Ma volcanic rocks occur in the North Qinling orogenic belt but are absent in the North Qilian orogenic belt, indicating that these two orogenic belts underwent distinct evolution history after the closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean ( 420 Ma).     

新疆吐哈盆地南缘铜矿带含矿斑岩的地球化学及形成环境

吐哈盆地南缘斑岩铜矿带位于中亚造山带东天山的中段。研究表明该铜矿带含矿斑岩的形成时代可分早石炭世和晚石炭世-早二叠世两期，前者以土屋-延东含矿斜长花岗斑岩为例，形成于与洋壳俯冲有关的岛弧环境，后者以赤湖和三岔口斜长花岗斑岩为例，形成于同碰撞造山的中-晚期。主量、微量元素和Sr—Nd同位素地球化学数据表明，吐哈盆地南缘铜矿带大多数斑岩具有钙碱性和岛弧花岗岩的特征，初始锶比值一般小于0．7046，εNd（t）值为5．3—7．6，反映成岩物质的深源性；进一步可将斑岩划分为埃达克岩和非埃达克岩，其中延东-土屋和三岔口含矿斑岩具有埃达克岩的特征，而赤湖、灵龙、卡拉塔格和垅西矿化斑岩和成矿后斑岩不具埃迭克岩特征。埃迭克岩成因有两种：土屋-延东埃迭克岩为洋壳板片熔融成因，三岔口埃达克岩为加厚下地壳的熔融成因。土屋-延东洋壳熔融埃达克岩的确定，进一步肯定了晚古生代石炭纪吐哈盆地南缘的岛弧环境。研究表明侵位于中亚造山带晚古生代岛弧环境和洋壳熔融成因的埃达克岩最有利于形成大型斑岩铜矿。     

晚中生代中国东部高原北界探讨

中国东部高原的界线主要是依据埃达克岩的分布确定的。现已知道,高原最北部的中生代埃达克岩主要分布在辽西-冀北-内蒙古南部一带。该区可靠的埃达克岩仅发育在晚侏罗世或早白垩世的早期(如132±5Ma的安家营子花岗岩)。现有资料表明,大致以赤峰-开原断裂为界,埃达克岩分布于其南,其北为非埃达克岩分布区,暗示中国东部高原的北界大体沿赤峰-开原一带分布,代表的是侏罗纪时期的高原边界。辽西义县组地层位于高原范围内,众所周知,义县组第2段(124～127Ma)是热河生物群集中发育的阶段,说明当时的气候温湿、植物繁茂、水草丰盛、地势低洼、湖沼发育,不大可能为动植物贫瘠的高寒山区。义县组火山岩的研究表明,早白垩世(135～120Ma)的义县组主要由玄武岩和赞岐岩(高镁安山岩)组成,并非埃达克岩。因此,至少在127Ma左右,在热河生物群分布的地区,已经不存在高原了,高原的界线南移了,可能移到热河生物群发育区之南的宣化-滦平-锦州一线,其南仍然处于高原环境。高原抬升的直接结果是导致同时代沉积物的缺少,或有一些沉积盆地发育,但是厚度很薄。在中-晚侏罗世时,高原上的沉积盆地很少,且缺失上白垩统地层,总体上反映高原处于抬升状态。高原北缘和西北缘早白垩世冰筏和冰川泥石流沉积的出现,暗示高原的北缘可能具有相当的高度,可能类似现今的喜马拉雅山。该区中生代构造特征表明,该区侏罗纪和早白垩世的构造特点有着巨大的差异:侏罗纪,尤其是晚侏罗世末期以南北向的挤压构造为主,而早白垩世中期以后演变为以伸展构造为特征,古地理古环境明显改变。研究表明,中国东部中生代埃达克岩形成的时限大致限定了高原的起始和消亡时间。据最近几年发表的资料,埃达克岩的时代大体限定在170～120Ma之间,表明中国东部高原在170Ma之前开始出现,大约在晚侏罗世达到顶峰,在早白垩世中期(120Ma)以后消失。辽西-冀北的构造、地层和火山岩资料表明,侏罗纪时期本区属于挤压构造环境,高原处于抬升状态;至早白垩世(大体从127Ma左右开始)转变为伸展构造背景,含有丰富热河生物群的阜新-义县-朝阳-丰宁一带已经沉陷,暗示中国东部高原的垮塌可能先从北缘开始,至120Ma左右,高原才整体垮塌。     

乌拉特中旗克布岩体的地球化学特征及SHRIMP定年：早二叠世华北克拉通底侵作用的证据

乌拉特中旗克布岩体位于内蒙古中西部,属于华北克拉通北缘中段。克布岩体具有埃达克岩的特征:SiO_2= 57.66～66.94%(>56%),Al_2O_3=16.81～18.47%(>15%),MgO=1.33～3.28%(<3%);Y=7.25～13.46×10~(-6) (≤18×10~(-6)),Yb=0.72～1.42×10~(-6)(≤1.9×10~(-6)),Sr=540.4～655×10~(-6)(>400×10~(-6));高场强元素(HFSEs,如Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr)含量低,LRRE富集(La/Yb=12.11～28.56),Eu为弱负异常至正异常(δEu~*=0.95～1.09)。高Sr/Y(48.66～74. 57)、La/Yb以及中等Mg~#(38.72～46.16)、K_2O(1.11～2.17)近似于壳源埃达克岩。克布岩体具有低ε_(Nd)(t)(=-15.1),高(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i(=0.7073),也表明了它们的源岩来自大陆下地壳,明显不同于板片熔融来源的埃达克岩同位素特征,而与中国东部的埃达克质岩近似。与华北克拉通晚侏罗世下地壳拆沉作用形成的埃达克岩相比,克布岩体具有低的过渡金属元素含量。克布岩体可能为玄武质液体底侵,导致变厚的下地壳基底部分熔融而形成。克布岩体中锆石的SHRIMP U-Pb锆石年龄为291±4Ma,表明早二叠世初期华北克拉通下的底侵作用已经存在。     

青海省布青山早古生代末期埃达克岩的发现及其构造意义

在青藏高原北部阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带布青山段首次发现了埃达克岩,它们多呈不规则岩脉状侵入于布青山地区北部早古生代蛇绿混杂岩中。其岩性为花岗-英云闪长岩,主矿物有斜长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石、少量钾长石和辉石;副矿物有榍石、磷灰石、锆石和磁铁矿等。属钙碱系列,具典型(Ⅰ类、O型、HSA)埃达克岩的地球化学特征,表现为:高SiO_2(63. 65%～71.59%),高Al_2O_3(14.81%～16.11%),高Na_2O(4.68%～5.33%)和Na_2O/K_2O(1.48～3.08,平均2.39),高Sr (444.08×10~(-6)～560.41×10~(-6))和Sr/Y(50.8～105.3),HREE强烈亏损,低Yb(0.38×10~(-6)～0.74×10~(-6)),高La/Yb(44.93～90.97),弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.74～0.90),富集大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损高场强元素(HFSE),Ba、Pb正异常而Nb、P负异常。获得布青山埃达克岩的锆石TIMS U-Pb年龄为402±24Ma。布青山埃达克岩熔体来自俯冲的昆祁秦洋壳(含海洋沉积物)在石榴石角闪岩相条件下部分熔融,主要残留相为石榴石(±角闪石)。布青山埃达克岩的发现指示早古生代末期洋壳(昆祁秦多岛洋的一部分)俯冲作用的存在,俯冲方向朝北(现在方位),此前,俯冲带发生长时间的向洋迁移,早古生代末期俯冲带已后退到阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带以南;暗示典型埃达克岩也可以形成于洋壳俯冲晚期;提示阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带可能有与典型埃达克岩有关的Au、Ag、Cu、Mo等热液和斑岩矿床。     

The adakite connection of the Tuwu–Yandong copper porphyry belt, eastern Tianshan, NW China: trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry

The Tuwu–Yandong porphyry copper belt lies in the eastern Tianshan mountains, eastern section of the Central Asian orogenic belt. The copper mineralization is mainly hosted in plagiogranite porphyries intruded into early Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Paleozoic Dananhu island arc between the Tarim and Siberian plates. The plagiogranite porphyries have contents of 65–73 wt% SiO₂, 14–17 wt% Al₂O₃, 0.9–2.2 wt% MgO, 3–16 ppm Y, 0.4–1.40 ppm Yb, 347–920 ppm Sr, and positive Eu anomalies. The rocks also exhibit positive ɛ _Nd(t) values (+5.0 to +9.4) and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.70316–0.70378). Such features are similar to those of adakites derived from partial melting of a subduction-related oceanic slab. The mineralization age is early Carboniferous (350–320 Ma), which is close to that of the porphyries. The close relationship between the Cu mineralization and the porphyry is also indicated by their similar Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions. We suggest that the copper porphyry (magma) system in the Dananhu island arc was formed by direct melting of an obliquely subducting early Carboniferous oceanic slab.     

Geochemical and isotopic characteristics and evolution of the Jurassic volcanic arc between Arica (18°30′S) and Tocopilla (22°S), North Chilean Coastal Cordillera

The present-day North Chilean Coastal Cordillera between 18°30′S and 22°S records an important part of the magmatic evolution of the Central Andes during the Jurassic. Calc-alkaline to subordinate tholeiitic members from four rock groups with biostratigraphically constrained age display incompatible element pattern characteristic of convergent plate-margin volcanism, whereas alkaline basalts of one group occurring in the Precordillera show OIB-type trace element signatures. The correlation of biostratigraphic ages, regional distribution, and composition of the volcanic rocks provides a basis for the discussion on geochemical evolution and isotope ratios.Major and trace element distributions of the volcanic rocks indicate their derivation from mantle-derived melts. LILE and LREE enrichments in calc-alkaline basaltic andesites to dacites and some of the tholeiites hint at the involvement of hydrous fluids during melting and mobile element transport processes. A part of the Early Bajocian to ?Lower Jurassic and Oxfordian andesites and dacites are adakite-like rocks with a substantial participation of slab melt and are characterized by high Sr/Y ratios and low HREE contents. The Middle Jurassic tholeiitic and calc-alkaline basalts and basaltic andesites have been transported and partly stored within a system of deep-seated feeder fissures and crustal strike-slip faults before eruption.The isotopic composition of Sr (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i=0.7032-0.7056) and Nd (εNd_i=2.2-7.1) of the Jurassic volcanic rocks mostly fall in the range characteristic for mantle melts although some crustal components may have been involved. A few samples show slightly more radiogenic Sr isotopic composition, which is probably due to interaction with ancient sea-water. The Pb isotopic composition of the arc rocks is uncoupled from the isotopic composition of Sr and Nd and is dominated by the crustal component. Since the Cretaceous and Modern arc volcanic rocks show Pb isotopic compositions that can be largely explained by in situ Pb isotope growth of Jurassic arc volcanic rocks, we argue that the various Andean arc systems between 18°30′S and 22°S formed on the same type of basement.Most of the investigated samples have high Ba, Zr, and Th concentrations compared to island arc mafic volcanic rocks. About 20% of the Jurassic arc volcanics comprise of dacitic to rhyolitic rocks. These characteristics combined with the Pb isotopic composition that shows the influence of a Palaeozoic (or partly older) basement point to a continental margin setting for the North Chilean Jurassic arc. The distribution of the magmatic rocks throughout time, their textures, and the character of intercalated sedimentary rocks reflect westward movement of the magma sources and of the arc/back-arc boundary relative to the current coast line during the Early Bajocian on a broad front between 19°30′ and 21°S.     

冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义

西藏高原冈底斯中新世(21～12Ma)侵位于冈底斯花岗岩岩基内。斑岩呈东西向断续带状展布(350km)，南北向串珠排布(宽约50km)，明显受NS裂谷和正断层控制。斑岩的主要岩石类型为花岗闪长斑岩、二长花岗斑岩、石英二长斑岩。斑岩高SiO2、Al2O3、K2O和低Y和HREE(Yb)含量；富集轻稀土元素(LREE)和大离子亲石元素(ULE)，尤其富集Sr和K；缺乏Eu异常和／或具弱正异常；普遍具有较高的Sr／Y、(La／Yb)。比值及较低的Y／Yh比值。斑岩显示出明显的adakite地球化学特征，明显不同于冈底斯花岗岩基。对冈底斯岩带的构造-岩浆-热事件序列的综合分析揭示，斑岩是滞留在地幔的洋壳残片在花岗岩基大幅快速隆升后部分熔融的产物，熔融残余相为石榴石 角闪石 单斜辉石 含钛矿物组合，熔体在上升过程中与上覆交代地幔楔发生作用，使岩浆的K含量和Mg^#明显增高。高密度的熔融残留体榴辉岩或角闪榴辉岩沉入下伏地幔或软流圈，这可能导致了冈底斯岩带在20～14Ma期间的隆升。冈底斯中新世斑岩的时空分布厘定了西藏高原冈底斯带EW向伸展的初始时间大约在20Ma左右。高永丰等：冈底斯晚第三纪斑岩的岩石学、地球化学及其地球动力学意义