中亚造山带中段古亚洲洋北向平板俯冲过程:来自埃达克岩的证据

早三叠世是中亚造山带(CAOB)中部构造演化的关键时期,尽管该时期古亚洲洋在地表已经闭合,但残余的大洋板片仍在持续的挤压作用下继续俯冲,造山作用依然活跃。本文对中亚造山带中段林西地区的下三叠统幸福之路组火山岩地层进行了锆石U-Pb测年、岩石地球化学以及锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素研究。LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示了该地层的形成时代为247Ma,为早三叠世岩浆活动的产物。岩石学和地球化学研究表明,幸福之路组火山岩具有高SiO2(64.10%～68.90%)、Al2O3(13.47%～17.50%),低MgO (0.51%～1.42%),轻稀土富集、重稀土亏损,无Eu异常(δEu平均值为1.09)以及高Sr (384×10-6～956×10-6,平均616×10-6),低Y(5.66×10-6～7.63×10-6,平均6.51×10-6)的特点,表明其为大洋板片熔融产生的典型埃达克岩。锆石原位Lu-Hf同位素分析结果显示其εHf(t)为+10.8～+15.6,平均为+13.9。样品单阶段Hf地壳模式年龄(tDM1)为264～462Ma,表明其岩浆源区的亏损特征。结合区域资料,我们将研究区中晚二叠世至晚三叠世划分为四个构造演化阶段:1)中-晚二叠世时期,特征为钙碱性岩浆岩及碰撞杂岩的发育; 2)早-中三叠世时期,特征为广泛分布的典型埃达克岩,是古亚洲洋地表闭合后大洋板片继续北向平板俯冲的产物; 3) 230Ma左右开始持续10Myr,该时期是岩浆活动宁静期; 4) 220Ma至晚三叠世末,研究区进入区域性伸展,A型花岗岩、富钾钙碱性花岗岩类和超基性岩大量侵位,变质核杂岩及韧性剪切带也在此时产生。前三个阶段代表了完整的古亚洲洋大洋板块平板俯冲过程,而最后一个阶段标志着研究区地壳进入了新的演化阶段。     

Geochronological and geochemical studies of adakites from Tethyan Belt,Western Pakistan: A clue to geodynamics and Cu-Au mineralization

ABSTRACT

Large porphyry Cu-Au deposits are associated with Early Miocene intrusive rocks in Tethyan belt, discovered along Chagai magmatic arc in Western Pakistan, adjacent to Southeast Iran. Two types of rocks were discriminated as granodiorite and monzodiorite from Saindak area. The granodiorites are associated with regional large Cu-Au mineralization, while the monzodiorites are mostly ore-barren. LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating yielded weighted mean ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages of 22.16–24.2 Ma for granodiorites and ca. 22.6 Ma for a monzodiorite. These intrusive rocks in the Saindak area are all calc-alkaline rocks, with enriched LILEs and depleted HFSEs, and without Eu negative anomalies. The felsic granodiorites are characterized by high Sr contents and Sr/Y ratios, with intermediate to high (La/Yb)_N ratios that identify them as typical high-silica adakites. In contrast, the basaltic-andesitic monzodiorites are just normal arc-related rocks, showing less fractionated REE patterns than the granodiorites, with systematically lower LREE and higher MREE and HREE. Low K₂O/Na₂O ratios and decoupled Sr/Y-(La/Yb)_N ratios indicate the characteristics of slab-derived adakites for the granodiorites, most likely originated through partial melting of the subducted Neotethys oceanic crust beneath Eurasian continent followed by subsequent mantle interaction. The almost simultaneously melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle induced by dehydration of Neotethys plate gave rise to the formation of the barren monzodiorites. These intrusive rocks in the Saindak area are characterized by similar Sr-Nd-Pb isotopes with high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr_i ratios, slightly negative εNd(t) values and radiogenic Pb isotopes, plotting in the field between the MORB and EM-II mantle endmembers or the Average Cadomian Lower Crust, suggesting subducting sediments or old continental crustal materials have contributed into the compositions of these rocks by source enrichment or crustal contamination. The slab-melting derived adakite is favourable for regional massive Cu-Au mineralization in the Saindak area.     

埃达克岩(adakite)的地球化学特征及其构造意义

埃达克岩(adakite)是一种特殊的岛弧安山岩、英安岩、流纹岩(以英安岩最常见)或英云闪长岩和奥长花岗岩。其地球化学特征表现为SiO₂56%,高铝(Al₂O₃15%),MgO常小于3%(很少超过6%),富钠,一般Na₂O>K₂O,Na₂O含量一般在4%±,K₂O含量大多在1-2%±,Y和Yb含量较低(分别为18μg/g和1.9μg/g),Sr含量较高(>400μg/g),具正Eu、正Sr异常。₈₇Sr/₈₆Sr比值常常小于0.704。埃达克岩是由年轻的(<25Ma,因此是热的)俯冲板片以小角度俯冲、并在75-85km深处(相当于角闪岩-榴辉岩过渡带)发生板片部分深融作用形成的。它是板片俯冲作用开始的一种标志。     

Metasomatic interactions between slab-derived melts and depleted mantle: Insights from xenoliths within Monglo adakite (Luzon arc, Philippines)

The Monglo adakite contains mafic and ultramafic xenoliths, which probably originated from the mantle section of an Early Cretaceous supra-subduction zone ophiolitic complex located within the Luzon arc crust. Spinel-bearing dunites are dominant among this xenolith collection and display evidence for three episodes of subduction-related melt percolation. The first one is evidenced by an undeformed clinopyroxene characterized by convex-upwards REE pattern. This clinopyroxene crystallized from a calc-alkaline basaltic magma, likely formed in the Cretaceous supra-subduction setting of the ophiolite. Then, two metasomatic events, evidenced by orthopyroxene-rich and amphibole-rich secondary parageneses, respectively, affected most of the spinel dunites. The opx-rich paragenesis is related to the circulation within the dunitic upper mantle of hydrous slab-derived melts similar to those affecting the mantle peridotite xenoliths from Papua New Guinea and Kamchatka. Finally the amphibole-rich veins are related to the interaction between the studied dunite xenoliths and the host adakite or an adakitic melt similar to it.     

新疆北部富蕴县埃达克岩的同位素年代学及其对古亚洲洋板块俯冲时限的制约

采用IA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年方法对分布于新疆北部富蕴县托让格库都克组中的埃达克岩进行了年代学研究.结果表明,以往被认为属早泥盆世的埃达克岩的形成年龄为441.3±1.8Ma,属早志留世.由于托让格库都克组中的埃达克岩被认为是由新生的古亚洲洋板块俯冲后部分熔融形成的,因此,埃达克岩的同位素年代学研究结果表明,新疆北部东准噶尔地区古亚洲洋的板块俯冲从早志留世就已经开始.这是首次采用精确的同位素定年手段确定的古亚洲洋板块俯冲作用开始的时间.具有十分重要的地质意义.     

北秦岭西段唐藏石英闪长岩岩体的形成时代及其地质意义

在对陕西宝鸡一带进行地质大调查时,发现北秦岭造山带西段的唐藏石英闪长岩体具有埃达克岩的特征。利用阴极发光、LA-ICPMS方法对唐藏石英闪长岩的单颗粒锆石进行了U-Pb测年,所选锆石晶体均呈长柱状,振荡环带发育,Th/U=0.33～1.10,为典型的岩浆成因锆石。测试的29个样品的206Pb/238U加权平均年龄为(454.0±1.7)Ma,各测点206Pb/238U表面年龄与加权平均年龄在误差范围内近于一致,因此,这一数值代表岩浆生成年龄。结合北秦岭造山带西段代表洋壳残片的关子镇、岩湾蛇绿(混杂)岩形成时代,说明早古生代古秦岭丹凤洋沿商丹带一线向北发生俯冲消减作用,(454.0±1.7)Ma可能代表俯冲消减的初始时期。研究结果为北秦岭早古生代造山作用过程、壳幔相互作用及大陆动力学的研究提供了重要的依据。     

内蒙古巴林右旗建设屯埃达克岩锆石U-Pb年龄及成因讨论

本文对内蒙古东南部建设屯花岗闪长岩进行了岩石学、地球化学、锆石U-Pb定年及原位Hf同位素分析研究.LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年结果显示了该岩体的形成时代为248.5±2.3Ma,为早三叠世早期岩浆岩侵入体.岩石学和地球化学研究表明,该岩体铝饱和指数A/CNK为1.02,属于钙碱性Ⅰ型花岗岩;SiO2≥ 56％,Al2O3≥15％,Na2O和K2O含量分别为4.34％ ～4.41％和2.03％ ～ 2.07％,Na2O/K2O介于2.10 ～2.17之间;Sr ＞400×10-6,Y≤18×10-6,Yb≤1.9×10-6,岩石轻重稀土分馏明显,(La/Yb)N介于16.92 ～17.38之间,无明显的Eu负异常,显示了埃达克岩的地球化学特征.锆石-Hf同位素分析显示εHf(t)值介于11.2～14.4之间,反映了源区亏损的特征.综合考虑区域岩浆岩和地层古生物资料,本文认为该岩体是晚二叠世古亚洲洋沿西拉木伦河缝合带闭合后,加厚的新生下地壳部分熔融作用的产物.     

西藏冈底斯东部门巴地区晚白垩世埃达克质岩的岩石成因

本文首次报道了西藏冈底斯东部门巴地区晚白垩世花岗闪长岩的岩石学、锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素、全岩元素与Sr-Nd同位素地球化学数据。门巴花岗闪长岩锆石U-Pb定年结果为88.3Ma。花岗闪长岩的SiO2含量为66.4%～68.5%,K2O含量为3.1%～4.1%,A/CNK为0.90～0.99,属于高钾钙碱性准铝质岩石。岩石强烈富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N为25.3～46.6,具弱的负Eu异常(δEu=0.83～0.91),高Sr(725×10-6～766×10-6)、高Sr/Y比值(Sr/Y=52.2～65.2),具有埃达克岩的特征,本文称之为门巴埃达克质岩石。门巴埃达克质岩石εNd(t)值为-4.1～-4.3,(87Sr/86Sr)t值为0.70671～0.70672。εHf(t)范围为-3.4～-1.2,Hf同位素地壳模式年龄为tCDM=1.2～1.4Ga。结合门巴埃达克质岩的主、微量元素、同位素以及含有闪长质包体等特征,判断门巴埃达克质岩石主要来源于古老下地壳物质的部分熔融,可能是来源于下地壳物质的熔体与幔源岩浆(如底侵的玄武岩浆)发生混合作用的结果。通过与在南冈底斯发现的埃达克岩的成因及地球动力学背景的对比,本文认为新特提斯洋洋脊俯冲作用不仅为镁铁质下地壳的熔融提供了能量,而且在岩浆形成演化过程中也起到了重要作用。     

鄂东南地区阮家湾和犀牛山花岗闪长岩的时代、成因及成矿和找矿意义

阮家湾花岗闪长岩和犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩位于鄂东南矿集区东南缘,前者产有鄂东南地区最大的矽卡岩型钨-铜-钼矿床,而后者迄今仅发现有斑岩型铜矿化点.本文对阮家湾花岗闪长岩和犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩开展了系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、元素地球化学和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成的研究,以深入讨论这些岩体的岩石成因及其成矿和找矿意义.锆石U-Pb定年结果表明,阮家湾花岗闪长岩和犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩的侵位年龄分别为143±1Ma和147±1Ma( 1σ),是鄂东南地区最老的含钨-铜-钼矿化侵入岩.阮家湾花岗闪长岩和犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩均为高钾钙碱性岩体,富集Rb、Ba、Th和La等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta和Zr等高场强元素.岩石具有Sr含量高(分别为681 × 10-6 ～874×10-6和575×10-6 ～687×10-6)、Y含量低(分别为12.0×10-6 ～ 17.4×10-6和9.7×10-6～14.0×10-6)、Sr/Y比值大(分别为39 ～ 61和47 ～ 62)、轻重稀土分馏强烈(Yb含量分别为0.90×10-6～1.49×10-6和0.62 × 10-6 ～1.01×10-6;La/Yb比值分别为42 ～ 54和48 ～ 60)等特点.全岩Sr-Nd同位素分析和锆石Hf同位素分析结果表明,阮家湾花岗闪长岩的(87Sr/86Sr)i为0.7062 ～0.7063,εNd(t)为-5.8 ～-6.2,εHf(t)为-12.0～ -6.8;犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩的(87Sr/86 Sr)i为～0.7065,εNd(t)为-5.6～ -6.5.元素和同位素地球化学特征表明,阮家湾花岗闪长岩和犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩是由富集地幔部分熔融形成的岩浆同化混染下地壳物质并发生分离结晶作用的产物.矿物组合及矿物化学组成表明,阮家湾钨铜钼矿床的含矿岩体具有更低的氧逸度和更多的地壳物质混染,而犀牛山花岗闪长斑岩则具有较高的氧逸度(以出现岩浆硬石膏为标志).另外,犀牛山岩体中挥发份的含量与鄂东南地区最大的斑岩-矽卡岩型铜矿——铜山口矿床的含矿岩体类似,表明有利于斑岩型铜矿床的形成.犀牛山岩体内部斑岩型铜矿点和铁帽发育,进一步说明犀牛山岩体具有较大的斑岩型铜矿床找矿潜力,在今后的找矿工作中应给予关注.     

Continuity of the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts, Central Orogenic System of China: Evidence from newly discovered Paleozoic adakitic rocks

Adakitic intrusive rocks of  430–450 Ma were discovered in the North Qilian orogenic belt, the western section of the Central Orogenic System (COS) in China. These adakitic rocks were lower crust melts rather than slab melts as indicated by their crustal Ce/Pb, Nb/U, Ti/Eu, and Nd/Sm ratios and radiogenically enriched (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i of 0.7053–0.7066 and ε_Nd(t) of − 0.9 to − 1.7. While they are all characterized by low Yb (< 1.1 ppm) and Y (< 11.5 ppm) abundances with high Sr/Y (> 65) and (La/Yb)_N (> 13.7) ratios, these adakitic rocks are classified into the low-MgO–Ni–Cr and high-MgO–Ni–Cr groups. The low-MgO samples were derived from partial melting of thickened lower crust, whereas the high-MgO samples were melts from delaminated lower crust, which subsequently interacted with mantle peridotite upon ascent. Adakitic rocks from the adjacent North Qinling orogenic belt also originated from thickened lower crust at  430 Ma. In addition, the North Qilian and North Qinling orogenic belts both consist of lithological assemblages varying from subduction-accretionary complexes at south to central arc assemblages, which include adakitic rocks, then to backarc phases at north. Such a sequence reflects northward subduction of the Qilian and Qinling oceans. In these two orogenic belts, the occurrence of adakitic rocks of common origin and ages together with the similarities in tectonic configurations and lithological assemblages are considered to be the evidence for the continuity between eastern Qilian and western Qinling, forming a > 1000 km Early Paleozoic orogenic belt. In such a tectonic configuration, the Qilian and Qinling oceans that subducted from south possibly represent parts of the large “Proto-Tethyan Ocean”. This inference is supported by the coexistence of Early Paleozoic coral and trilobite specimens from Asia, America and Australia in the North Qilian orogenic belt. Post-400 Ma volcanic rocks occur in the North Qinling orogenic belt but are absent in the North Qilian orogenic belt, indicating that these two orogenic belts underwent distinct evolution history after the closure of the Proto-Tethyan Ocean ( 420 Ma).