华北春季降水性层状云中冰相粒子形状分布

为了获取华北春季降水性层状云中冰相粒子形状分布及其在降水发展中的变化,利用机载云粒子成像仪(OAP-CIP)在三次层状云降水天气过程中所测粒子图像资料,分析了不同降水阶段不同温度区间内不同粒径范围下的冰相粒子形状分布特征,并研究了影响云中冰相粒子增长变化的关键微物理过程。结果表明:在降水发展早期,云中冰相粒子形状分布以霰和线形状为主,在500 μm以上粒径统计中,这两者的出现频率分别在20%和40%以上;聚合状粒子除了在0～-4 ℃的温度区间内出现频率在10%～20%之间,其他温度区间内出现频率均在10%以下;云中粒子增长以凝华和凇附过程为主。在降水成熟阶段,霰和聚合状粒子是两种主要粒子形状,其出现频率在25%以上;线形状粒子在0～-4 ℃和-4～8 ℃温度区间内出现频率在10%～20%;板状粒子的出现频率在5%～15%;不规则状粒子在125 μm粒径以上的粒子数统计中出现频率在10%以上,但其他粒径段则在10%以内且随统计粒径增大,其出现频率降低;云中粒子增长在凝华基础上以凇附和碰并聚合为主。     

河南省层状云降水雨滴谱特征分析

利用2015-2017年河南省层状云降水过程的Parsivel(Partical Size and Velocity)激光雨滴谱观测资料,对层状云降水的雨滴数浓度、含水量、雨滴直径等微物理参量特征及不同尺度的降水粒子对雨强的贡献进行了统计分析,并采用2种拟合方法对层状云降水雨滴谱进行了拟合。结果表明:河南省层状云降水的空间结构不均匀,各微物理参量的变化存在着起伏,雨滴数浓度为10²个/m³量级,个别达到10³个/m³,含水量在10^-2~10^-1 g/m³,粒子平均直径<0.5 mm左右,统计的不同台站平均最大粒子直径为1~2 mm,雨强平均值不超过1 mm/h。直径为<2 mm的雨滴对雨强的贡献占96.23%,直径小于1 mm的雨滴对数浓度的贡献最大。雨强是由雨滴最大直径、平均直径和数浓度3者共同决定。层状云降水雨滴的谱分布较窄,滴谱曲线比较平滑。降水开始时,谱型为单峰结构;降水处于稳定阶段时,谱型为双峰和单峰相结合的结构。层状云拟合M-P分布和Г分布偏差均出现在直径<1 mm的小雨滴端,对于微小粒子随直径增大而增多导致的曲线弯曲没能表现出来,相对而言Г分布拟合效果明显略优于M-P分布的拟合效果。河南省层状云降水的2种分布形式分别为N(D)=7373.9exp(-3.67D)和N(D)=10492.05D1.62exp(-5.11D)。     

河北省降水性层状云宏微观物理特征

利用2009年河北省春秋季17架次飞机宏观观测资料和相应的机载PMS云微物理探测数据,经过回放处理、筛选和计算,统计分析近年河北省降水性层状云物理特征。结果表明：河北省降水性层状云是以Ns、Sc、As为主的多层云系,且多伴随有干层结构。云底平均高度、过冷层厚度、0℃层高度分别为2002、1106 m和3811 m。微物理方面,云滴数浓度平均为54.6 cm^-3,平均直径为8.64 μm。云粒子浓度和尺度均比20世纪90年代各特征值有所减少。统计计算的降水性层状云中液态水含量为0.13 g·m^-3,远大于20世纪90年代的值。     

庐山地区层状云和对流云降水特征对比分析

根据Parsivel激光雨滴谱仪在庐山高海拔观测场获取的2011年降水资料,结合宏观特征量、雨滴谱资料和雷达图像资料,将降水划分为对流云降水和层状云降水,选取了12次典型降水过程。对两类云降水的6种特征直径、各档雨滴对降水参量的贡献、降水微物理参量的演变等进行了分析,并利用M-P分布和Gamma分布对两类云降水雨滴谱进行拟合,对拟合参数以及拟合效果进行了分析。结果表明：两类云降水微物理特征有着本质的区别,层状云降水谱宽相对较窄,参量随时间变化比较平缓,直径不超过1 mm的小滴对降水贡献最大;对流云降水谱宽相对较宽,出现了直径接近10 mm的大滴,参量起伏较大,对数密度贡献很小的大滴对雨强、含水量贡献却比较大。从拟合效果检验来看,层状云降水拟合时的M-P曲线在大部分区段比Gamma曲线更接近实测雨滴谱曲线;对流云降水拟合时的Gamma分布曲线与实际雨滴谱分布曲线整体吻合程度较高。M-P分布和Gamma分布两种拟合方法都适用于层状云降水,对流云降水雨滴谱拟合时Gamma拟合效果优于M-P拟合效果。     

Simulations of Microphysics and Precipitation in a Stratiform Cloud Case over Northern China:Comparison of Two Microphysics Schemes

Using the Weather Research and Forecasting(WRF)model with two different microphysics schemes,the Predicted Particle Properties(P3)and the Morrison double-moment parameterizations,we simulated a stratiform rainfall event on 20–21 April 2010.The simulation output was compared with precipitation and aircraft observations.The aircraft-observed moderate-rimed dendrites and plates indicated that riming contributed significantly to ice particle growth at the mature precipitation stage.Observations of dendrite aggregation and capped columns suggested that aggregation coexisted with deposition or riming and played an important role in producing many large particles.The domain-averaged values of the 24-h surface precipitation accumulation from the two schemes were quite close to each other.However,differences existed in the temporal and spatial evolutions of the precipitation distribution.An analysis of the surface precipitation temporal evolution indicated faster precipitation in Morrison,while P3 indicated slower rainfall by shifting the precipitation pattern eastward toward what was observed.The differences in precipitation values between the two schemes were related to the cloud water content distribution and fall speeds of rimed particles.P3 simulated the stratiform precipitation event better as it captured the gradual transition in the mass-weighted fall speeds and densities from unrimed to rimed particles.     

Diurnal Variation in the Vertical Profile of the Raindrop Size Distribution for Stratiform Rain as Inferred from Micro Rain Radar Observations in Sumatra

The diurnal variation in the vertical structure of the raindrop size distribution(RSD) associated with stratiform rain at Kototabang, West Sumatra(0.20°S, 100.32°E), was investigated using micro rain radar(MRR) observations from January 2012 to August 2016. Along with the MRR data, the RSD from an optical disdrometer and vertical profile of precipitation from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission were used to establish the microphysical characteristics of diurnal rainfall.Rainfall during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST had a lower concentration of small drops and a higher concentration of large drops when compared to rainfall during the daytime(0600–1800 LST). The RSD stratified on the basis of rain rate(R) showed a lower total concentration of drops and higher mass-weighted mean diameter in 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST than in the daytime. During the daytime, the RSD is likely governed by a riming process that can be seen from a weak bright band(BB). On the other hand, during 0000–0600 LST and 1800–2400 LST, the BB was stronger and the rainfall was associated with a higher concentration of midsize and large drops, which could be attributed to more active aggregation right above the melting layer with minimal breakup. Diurnal variation in the vertical profile of RSD led to a different radar reflectivity(Z)–R relationship in the rain column, in which Z during the periods 0000–0600 LST and1800–2400 LST was larger than at the other times, for the same R.     

改进的Holroyd云粒子形状识别方法及其应用

云降水粒子形状是影响云微物理过程的重要因素,准确的云粒子形状信息是诸多云微物理参量计算的前提。为获取机载云粒子成像仪（CIP）所测云粒子的形状信息,文中提出了一种改进的Holroyd云粒子形状识别方法,即先对云粒子形状进行预分类,然后针对预分类后的完整粒子和可识别的部分状粒子,分别选出合适的参数及其阈值再进行具体的分类,最终可将云粒子分为微小状、线形状、聚合状、霰、球形、板状、不规则和枝状。利用实测数据对原始的Holroyd方法和改进的Holroyd方法进行识别效果对比验证。结果表明改进的Holroyd方法在云粒子形状识别的准确度方面比原Holroyd方法有较大的提高。将所提方法应用于太原地区一次降水性层状云的云微物理飞机观测资料以分析不同的降水阶段云中冰晶粒子的形状分布、增长机制、冰晶粒子数浓度以及冰水含量的垂直分布特征,所获取的云中冰晶粒子属性表明新提出方法有助于云微物理分析。      

青城子层状/脉状铅锌矿床稀土元素地球化学特征及地质意义

位处华北板块北缘东段的辽吉裂谷带内发育有多处中、小型铅锌矿床,其中,同时发育层状和脉状铅锌矿的青城子矿床是典型的代表。为了探讨青城子层状铅锌矿和脉状铅锌矿矿质来源及成因的异同及其所代表的地质意义,利用ICP-MS对层状铅锌矿及其围岩、脉状铅锌矿及其围岩和后期穿矿脉岩进行了稀土元素测试。结果表明,所有样品均具有轻稀土元素（LREE）富集和明显分异的特点。层状铅锌矿及其围岩具有Eu正异常和较弱的Ce负异常,表明其成矿物质均来自上升的深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,在高温、还原流体和海水的参与下成矿。脉状铅锌矿及其围岩稀土元素配分模式与层状铅锌矿及其围岩相似,但其Eu为负异常和Ce异常不明显,部分样品出现较弱的Ce正异常,对比分析穿矿脉岩明显的Eu负异常和Ce正异常以及二者稀土元素总量稍大于层状铅锌矿的特点,文章认为青城子层状矿石为沉积成矿,成矿热液为深部热水流体与海水的混合热液,但后期受到岩浆侵入叠加改造的影响而在局部形成脉状铅锌矿体,引起了Eu负异常和局部Ce正异常的出现以及稀土元素总量的增加。     

Chronostratigraphic basin framework for Palaeoproterozoic rocks (1730–1575 Ma) in northern Australia and implications for base‐metal mineralisation

Sequence‐stratigraphic interpretations of outcrop, drillcore, wireline and seismic datasets are integrated with SHRIMP zircon and palaeomagnetic determinations to provide a detailed chrono‐stratigraphic basin framework for the base‐metal‐rich Palaeoproterozoic rocks of the southern McArthur, Lawn Hill and Mt Isa regions. The analysis forms a basis for future correlations across northern Australia. Nine second‐order unconformity‐bounded supersequences are identified. Supersequences have a duration of 10–20 million years; some hitherto‐unrecognised unconformity surfaces record up to 25 million years of missing rock record. The second‐order supersequences contain a series of nested third‐, fourth‐ and fifth‐order sequences many of which can be correlated across the Mt Isa, Lawn Hill and southern McArthur regions. The analysis relates accommodation history to major intraplate tectonic events evident on the apparent polar wander path for northern Australia. Major tectonic events at approximately 1735 Ma, 1700 Ma, 1670 Ma, 1650 Ma, 1640 Ma, 1615 Ma, 1600 Ma and 1575 Ma impacted on accommodation rates and basin shape in northern Australia. Sub‐basin depocentres, the hosts for major sulfide mineralisation, are attributed to reactivated faults that controlled local subsidence. Pb/Pb model ages of 1653 Ma, 1640 Ma and 1575 Ma for the Mt Isa, McArthur River and Century Pb–Zn–Ag deposits, suggest that changes to intraplate stresses at tectonic events of like age resulted in the migration of metal‐bearing fluids into the sub‐basins. A Pb/Pb model age of 1675 for the Broken Hill deposit suggests that intraplate stresses manifest in northern Australia also affected rocks of similar age further south. Magmatic events close to 1700 Ma (Weberra Granite) and 1675 Ma (Sybella Granite) coincide with times of regional incision and the formation of supersequence‐bounding unconformity surfaces.     

祁连山层状云的时空分布及其环流特征分析

利用祁连山区29个测站1961—2001年1—12月云状资料,分析了过去41 a祁连山区层状云的时空分布特征及其与大环流变化的关系。结果表明：①祁连山区层状云从西北向东南递增,祁连山主区层状云出现频次高于周边地区。②大部区域层状云显著减少,其中河西走廊东部减少幅度最大。③层状云年平均和季度的年际变化阶段性基本一致,1990年以前以偏多为主,1990年发生突变性减少,以后一直处于偏少的状态。④层状云出现频率与各月降水正相关显著。⑤层状云偏多年与偏少年差值最大的月份是8月和5月,偏多年和偏少年在亚洲500 hPa高度场上有明显的差异。⑥与层状云频率显著相关的环流特征量主要有：副高面积、强度、极涡强度、青藏高原高度场指数。祁连山层状云的减少趋势主要是副高面积增大和强度增强的结果。最后,用前期环流特征量为因子建立了祁连山主区层状云频率的预测模型。